Skip to main content

Migrating with Honor: Sites of Agency and Power in Child Labor Migration in Bangladesh

  • Chapter
Children and Migration

Abstract

This chapter focuses on “choice” in child labor migration as manifestations of agency and power, albeit constrained. As Giddens (1979: 72) writes, “all social actors, no matter how lowly, have some degree of penetration of the social forms which oppress them.” Yet, the global policy agenda on children in international migration and development, especially among child rights advocates, is largely responsible for creating and encouraging an image that children working away from their families and homes did not have any choice due to their parents’ poverty, harmful social practices, or the breakdown of societal values (O’Connell Davidson and Farrow, 2007; Whitehead et al., 2005).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Bibliography

  • R. Afsar, (2002) “Migration and Rural Livelihoods”, in K. A. Toufique and C. Turton (eds) Hands not Land: How Livelihoods are Changing in Rural Bangladesh (Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies).

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Afsar, (2003) “Internal Migration and the Development Nexus: The Case of Bangladesh”, (Dhaka: RMMRU and DFID).

    Google Scholar 

  • L. Alanen, (2003) “Childhoods: The Generational Ordering of Social Relations”, in B. Mayall and H. Zeiher (eds) Childhood in Generational Perspective (London: Institute of Education).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Amin, N. Selim, and N. Kamal Waiz (2006) Causes and Consequences of Early Marriage in Bangladesh (Dhaka: Population Council).

    Google Scholar 

  • K. M. A. Aziz, (1979) Kinship in Bangladesh (Dhaka: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research).

    Google Scholar 

  • K. M. A. Aziz, and C. Maloney (1985) Life Stages, Gender and Fertility in Bangladesh (Dhaka: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research).

    Google Scholar 

  • BBS (2003) Report on National Child Labour Survey 2002–2003 (Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics).

    Google Scholar 

  • BBS (2007) Bangladesh Population Census-2001 Community Series, Zila: Tangail (Dhaka: Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics).

    Google Scholar 

  • H. R. Bernard, (2006) Research Methods in Anthropology: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, 4th edn. (Walnut Creek: Altamira Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Blanchet, (1996) Lost Innocence, Stolen Childhoods (Dhaka: University Press Limited).

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Blanchet, (2003) “Bangladeshi Girls Sold as Wives in North India” (Dhaka: Drishti Research Centre).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Boyden, and D. Levison (2000) “Children as Economic and Social Actors in the Development Process” (Stockholm: Expert Group on Development Issues, Ministry for Foreign Affairs).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Boyden, B. Ling, and W. E. Myers (1998) What Works for Working Children? (Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden).

    Google Scholar 

  • M. Cain, (1977) “The Economic Activities of Children in a Village in Bangladesh”, Population and Development Review, 3(3): 201–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • J. S. Coleman, (1990) Foundations of Social Theory (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Conticini, and D. Hulme (2006) “Escaping Violence, Seeking Freedom: Why Children in Bangladesh Migrate to the Street”, Global Poverty Research Group Working Paper (Manchester: University of Manchester).

    Google Scholar 

  • P. C. Dodd, (1973) “Family Honor and the Forces of Change in Arab Society”, International Journal of Middle East Studies, 4(1): 40–54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D. Eder, and J. L. Enke (1991) “The Structure of Gossip: Opportunities and Constraints on Collective Expression among Adolescents”, American Sociological Review, 56(4): 494–508.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. Giddens, (1979) Central Problems in Social Theory: Action, Structure and Contradiction in Social Analysis (London: Macmillan).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Government of Bangladesh (2005) Millennium Development Goals: Bangladesh Progress Report (Dhaka: Government of Bangladesh, UN Country Team).

    Google Scholar 

  • I. M. Hashim, (2005) Research Report on Children’s Independent Migration from Northeastern to Central Ghana (Brighton: Development Research Centre (DRC) on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex).

    Google Scholar 

  • I. M. Hashim, (2006) The Positives and Negatives of Children’s Independent Migration: Assessing the Evidence and the Debates (Brighton: DRC on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex).

    Google Scholar 

  • IBRD and World Bank (2008) Global Monitoring Report 2008 MDGs and the Environment Agenda for Inclusive and Sustainable Development (Washington, DC: IBRD and World Bank).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • ILO (2005a) Child Labour Situation Bangladesh: Child Labour and Responses in South Asia (Geneva: International Labour Organisation).

    Google Scholar 

  • ILO (2005b) IPEC Subregional Information System on Child Labour: Child Labour and Responses in South Asia (Geneva: International Labour Organisation).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. A. Islam, (2002) “The Informal Institutional Framework in Rural Bangladesh” in K. A. Toufique and C. Turton (eds) Hands Not Land: How Livelihoods are Changing in Rural Bangladesh (Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. James, and A. Prout (1997) Constructing and Reconstructing Childhood: Contemporary Issues in the Sociological Study of Childhood, 2nd edn. (London: Falmer).

    Google Scholar 

  • N. Kabeer, (2001) The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka (Dhaka: University Press Limited).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Khair, (2005) Autonomous Voluntary Child Migration: Perspectives from Bangladesh (Dhaka: RMMRU).

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Kuhn, (2001) “Never Far from Home: Parental Assets and Migrant Transfers in Matlab, Bangladesh”, RAND Labor and Population Program Working Paper Series 01–12 (Santa Monica, CA: RAND).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Lawson, (2003) Focus on Bangladesh Child Labour (Dhaka: BBC).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Lindenbaum, (1981) “Implications for Women of Changing Marriage Transactions in Bangladesh”, Studies in Family Planning, 12(11): 394–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • B. Mayall, (2003) “Generation and Gender: Childhood Studies and Feminism”, in B. Mayall and H. Zeiher (eds) Childhood in Generational Perspective (London: Institute of Education).

    Google Scholar 

  • O. Nieuwenhuys, (1994) Children’s Lifeworlds: Gender, Welfare and Labour in the Developing World (London: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. O’Connell Davidson, and C. Farrow (2007) “Child Migration and the Construction of Vulnerability” (Stockholm: Save the Children Sweden).

    Google Scholar 

  • R. Panelli, S. Punch, and E. Robson (2007) Global Perspectives on Rural Childhood and Youth: Young Rural Lives (New York: Routledge).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. Piaget, (1970) The Origin of Intelligence in the Child, 3rd edn. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Punch, (2001) “Household Division of Labour: Generation, Gender, Age, Birth Order and Sibling Composition”, Work, Employment and Society, 15(4): 803–823.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • S. Punch, (2007) “Negotiating Migrant Identities: Young People in Bolivia and Argentina”, Children’s Geographies, 5(1–2): 95–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R. I. Rahman, (2007) Labour Market in Bangladesh: Changes, Inequities and Challenges (Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Rahman Khan, (2001) The Socio-Legal Status of Bangali Women in Bangladesh: Implications for Development (Dhaka: University Press Limited).

    Google Scholar 

  • S. Rozario, (2002) “Gender Dimensions of Rural Change”, in K. A. Toufique and Cate Turton (eds) Hands Not Land: How Livelihoods are Changing in Rural Bangladesh (Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies).

    Google Scholar 

  • E. Schildkrout, (1978) “Age and Gender in Hausa Society: Socio-Economic Roles of Children in Urban Kano”, in J. S. La Fontaine (ed.) Sex and Age as Principles of Social Differentiation (London: Academic Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • J. C. Scott, (1985) Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press).

    Google Scholar 

  • B. Sen, and D. Hulme (eds) (2006) The State of the Poorest 2005/2006 Chronic Poverty in Bangladesh: Tales of Ascent, Descent, Marginality and Persistence (Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies).

    Google Scholar 

  • T. Siddiqui, (2003) Migration as a Livelihood Strategy of the Poor: The Bangladesh Case (Dhaka: RMMRU and DFID).

    Google Scholar 

  • D. Thorsen, (2007) “If Only I get Enough Money for a Bicycle!” A Study of Childhoods, Migration and Adolescent Aspirations against a Backdrop of Exploitation and Trafficking in Burkina Faso (Brighton: DRC on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex).

    Google Scholar 

  • K. A. Toufique, and C. Turton (2002) Hands Not Land: How Livelihoods are Changing in Rural Bangladesh (Dhaka: Bangladesh Institute of Development Studies).

    Google Scholar 

  • US Department of State (2008) Trafficking in Persons Report 2008: Bangladesh Section (Washington, DC: US Department of State).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Whitehead, and I. M. Hashim (2005) Children and Migration: Background Paper for DFID Migration Team (Brighton: DRC on Migration, Globalisation and Poverty, University of Sussex).

    Google Scholar 

  • A. Whitehead, I. M. Hashim, and V. Iversen (2005) “Child Migration, Child Agency and Intergenerational Relations in Africa and South Asia” Paper presented at Childhoods 2005 Conference (Oslo).

    Google Scholar 

  • C. Wickham, (1998) “Gossip and Resistance among the Medieval Peasantry”, Past and Present, 1(160): 3–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • A. A. M. Zeid, (1965) “Honour and Shame among the Bedouins of Egypt”, in J. G. Peristiany (ed.) Honour and Shame: The Values of Mediterranean Society (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson).

    Google Scholar 

  • V. Zelizer, (1994) Pricing the Priceless Child: The Changing Social Value of Children (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2010 Karin Heissler

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Heissler, K. (2010). Migrating with Honor: Sites of Agency and Power in Child Labor Migration in Bangladesh. In: Ensor, M.O., Goździak, E.M. (eds) Children and Migration. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230297098_11

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics