Skip to main content

Abstract

Europe is ageing fast and people are living much longer than previously. The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2005) estimates that by 2050 the ‘age dependency ratio’ — those dependent on being supported by those in employment within the EU countries — will rise to 55 per cent. This compares to the 20–30 per cent ‘age dependency ratio’ found in the G7 countries currently. To add to this scenario, some EU economies, notably France, Germany and Italy, are still subsidising early retirements (OECD, 2005), although some like France are making efforts to raise the retirement age from 60 to 62 (BBC, 2010). Hart et al. (2004, p. 3) noted that ‘each successive generation of men is less likely to be employed at the age of 50 than the preceding generation’. Medical science for its part is making it possible for people to live and work longer.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Amit, R. and Muller, E. (1995), ‘Push and Pull Entrepreneurship’, Journal of Small Business & Entrepreneurship, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 64–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Australian Bureau of Statistics (1999), ‘Older People’, A Social Report, ABS, Canberra.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barclays (2001), ‘Third Age Entrepreneurs — Profiting from Experience’, Barclays Economic Report, Barclays, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • BBC (2010), ‘French Senate passes Pension Bill’, BBC World News, 22 October, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11610601 (accessed 23.12.2010).

  • BERR (2008), ‘High Growth Firms in the UK: Lessons from an Analysis of Comparative UK Performance’, BETT Economics Paper No. 3, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, R., Hart, M. and O’Reilly, M. (2000), ‘Entrepreneurship in the Third Age: New Dawn or Misplaced Expectations?’ in 23rd ISBA National Small Firms Policy and Research Conference, Aberdeen University, pp. 1–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • COM (2003), Entrepreneurship in Europe, Green Paper, 27 final.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cressy, R. and Storey, D. J. (1995), ‘New Firms and Their Banks’, Warwick University Business School and NatWest.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curran, J. and Blackburn, R. (2001), ‘Older People and the Enterprise Society: Age and Self-Employment Propensities’, Work, Employment & Society, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 889–902.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GEM (2006), Bosma, N. and R. Harding, R. ‘Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: GEM 2006 Summary Results’.

    Google Scholar 

  • GEM (2007), Bosma, N., Jones, K., Autio, E. and Levie, J., ‘Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2007 Executive Report’.

    Google Scholar 

  • Getz, D. and Carlsen, J. (2000), ‘Characteristics and Goals of Family and Owner- Operated Businesses in the Rural Tourism and Hospitality Sectors’, Tourism Management, Vol. 21, pp. 547–560.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, S. (2000), ‘Senior Startups: Why Older Entrepreneurs are Turning to a Young Person’s Game’, Business Week, online: http://www.businessweek.com/2000/00_33/b3694054.htm (accessed 6.9.09).

  • Green, F. J. (2008), Three Decades of Enterprise Culture, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harding, R. (2007), ‘Technology Entrepreneurship in the UK 2006’, NESTA, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, M., Anyadike-Danes, M. and Blackburn, R. (2004), ‘Spatial Differences in Entrepreneurship: A Comparison of Prime Age and Third Age Cohorts’, ISBA 27th Conference Entrepreneurship and SME Development, ‘Creating Opportunities: Entrepreneurship and SME Development in Education, Policy and Research’, Newcastle Gateshead 2–4 November 2004.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hisrich, R. D. and Peters, M. P. (1992), Entrepreneurship: Starting, Developing, and Managing a New Enterprise, 2nd edition, BPI/Irwin, Homewood, US.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kautonen, T. (2008), ‘Understanding the Older Entrepreneur: Comparing Third Age and Prime Age in Finland’, International Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 3–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, S. (2002), ‘Entrepreneurs’ Measure of Success: Is it More than Profits?’ International Council for Small Business 47th World Conference, SBANC University of Central Arkansas, 16–19 June, San Juan, Puerto Rico.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klapper, L., Amit, R., Guillén, M. F. and Quesada, J. (2008), ‘Entrepreneurship and Firm Formation Across Countries’, International Differences in Entrepreneurship, in J. Lerner and A. Schoar (eds), National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, B. (1989), ‘Baby Boomers to Continue the Fast Pace of Start-ups in 90s in Entrepreneurial Activity is Forecast’, Wall Street Journal, 19 June, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • NESTA (2009), Botham, R. and Graves, A., ‘Third Age Entrepreneurs’, NESTA Report, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • OECD (2005), ‘Ageing Populations: High Time for Action’, Meeting of G8 Employment and Labour Ministers, 10–11 March, London, http://www.oecd.org./dataoecd/61/50/34600619.pdf (accessed 6.9.09).

  • Office for National Statistics (2003), ‘Self-employment in the UK Labour Market’, September.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, S. and Gray, C. (2006).

    Google Scholar 

  • PRIME (2004), ‘Towards a 50+ Enterprise Culture: A PRIME Report’, PRIME, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • PRIME (2009), ‘Generations Forgotten. Report of a Survey Commissioned by Bank of America on Behalf of PRIME into Attitudes towards Older Entrepreneurship across the UK’, PRIME, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh, G. and De Noble, A. (2003), ‘Early Retirees as the Next Generation of Entrepreneurs’, Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 207–226.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, R. P. (2009), ‘The Aging Population and Mature Entrepreneurs: Market Trends and Implications for Entrepreneurship’, New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, Fairfield, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 45–54.

    Google Scholar 

  • Small Business Service (2007), Household Survey of Entrepreneurship 2005, Research Report. Department of Trade and Industry, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorensen, J. and Stuart, T. (2000), ‘Ageing, Obsolescence, and Organizational Innovation’, Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp. 81–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Storey, D. J. (1994), Understanding the Small Business Sector, Routledge, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weber, P. and Schaper, M. (2003), ‘Understanding the Grey Entrepreneur: A Review of the Literature’, Conference Paper at 16th Annual Conference of Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand, 28 September-1 October, 2003, Ballarat, Australia.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2012 Lorraine Watkins-Mathys

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Watkins-Mathys, L. (2012). Age and Grey Entrepreneurship. In: Moss, G. (eds) Lessons on Profiting from Diversity. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230355057_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics