Skip to main content
  • 371 Accesses

Abstract

Debate erupted in 1933 about whether Nazism and the maltreatment of Jewish scientists and doctors destroyed German science and medicine. Anti-Nazi critiques like Gumpert’s Heil Hunger! derided the weakness of German medical research and pointed to increased rates of infections like diphtheria and puerperal sepsis.1 Robert Brady’s pioneering study of German fascism examined how the Nazis reorganised science on the basis of cultural and economic autarky.2 Nazi propaganda claimed achievements in hereditary research, biochemistry and pharmaceuticals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Notes

  1. Martin Gumpert, Heil Hunger! Health under Hitler (London: Allen and Unwin, 1940).

    Google Scholar 

  2. Robert A. Brady, The Spirit and Structure of German Fascism (London: Victor Gollancz, 1937), pp. 39–77.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Paul Weindling, ‘Theories of the Cell State in Imperial Germany’, Charles Webster (ed.), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840–1940 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for Past and Present Publications, 1981), pp. 99–155,

    Google Scholar 

  4. Robert Lifton, The Nazi Doctors (New York: Basic Books, 1986)

    Google Scholar 

  5. Ernst Klee, Auschwitz, die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer (Frankfurt am Main: S. Fischer, 1997).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Paul Weindling, ‘Human Experiments in Nazi Germany: Reflections on Ernst Klee’, Auschwitz. Die NS-Medizin und ihre Opfer and Ärzte ohne Gewissen (1996)’, Medizinhistorisches Journal, vol. 33 (1998) 161–78.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Paul Weindling, ‘What Did the Allies Know about Criminal Human Experiments in the War and its Immediate Aftermath?’, in Astrid Ley (ed.), Menschenversuche (Erlangen Museum, 2001), pp. 52–66.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Michael Marrus, The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial 1945–46. A Documentary History (Boston: Bedford Books, 1997), pp. 185–7.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Gilbert Shama and Jonathan Reinarz, ‘Allied Intelligence Reports on Wartime German Penicillin Research and Production’, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, vol. 32 (2002), 347–67 at 352.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. George Creel, War Criminals and Punishment (New York: Robert M. McBride, 1944), pp. 65–71.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Linda Hunt, Secret Agenda. The United States Government, Nazi Scientists, and Project Paperclip, 1945 to 1990 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1991), p. 87.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Anna Maria Sigmund, Die Frauen der Nazis II (Munich: Heyne, 2002), pp. 267–84

    Google Scholar 

  13. Wolfgang Benz, ‘Dr med. Sigmund Rascher: eine Karriere’, Dachauer Hefte, vol. 4, no. 4 (1988) 190–214.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Winfried SüSS, Der ‘Volkskörper’ im Krieg (Munich: Oldenbourg, 2003).

    Book  Google Scholar 

  15. Gitta Sereny, Albert Speer. His Battle with Truth (London, 1995), pp. 505, 524–5.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Gene Weltfish, ‘Science and Prejudice’, Scientific Monthly (September 1945), 210–12.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Aldous Huxley, Science, Liberty and Peace (New York and London: Harper and Brothers, 1946).

    Google Scholar 

  18. A.V. Hill, The Ethical Dilemma of Science (London: Scientific Book Club, 1960), pp. 85–9.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Sheldon H. Harris, Factories of Death. Japanese Biological Warfare 1932–45, and the American Cover-Up (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 170–1.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Hugo Iltis, Der Mythos von Blut und Boden (Vienna: Rudolf Harand, 1936).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Paul Weindling, ‘Verdacht, Kontrolle, Aussöhnung. Adolf Butenandts Platz in der Wissenschaftspolitik der Westalliierten (1945–1955)’, in Wolfgang Schieder and Achim Trunk (eds), Adolf Butenandt und die Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft. Wissenschaft Industrie und Politik im ‘Dritten Reich’ (Göttingen: Wallstein Verlag, 2004), pp. 320–46.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Paul Weindling, ‘“Mustergau” Thüringen. Rassenhygiene zwischen Ideologie und Machtpolitik’, in Uwe Hossfeld et al. (eds.), ‘Kämpferische Wissenschaft’. Studien zur Universität Jena im Nationalsozialismus (Vienna: Böhlau, 2003), pp. 1013–26.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Susanne Zimmerman, Die medizinische Fakultät der Universität Jena (Berlin: VWB, 2000), p. 85.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Ernst Klee, Was sie taten — Was sie wurden (Frankfurt/M: S. Fischer, 1986), p. 284

    Google Scholar 

  25. Frederick H. Kastan, ‘Unethical Nazi Medicine in Annexed Alsace-Lorraine: The Strange Case of Nazi Anatomist Professor Dr. August Hirt’, in George O. Kent (ed.), Historians and Archivists. Essays in Modem German History and Archival Policy (Fairfax: George Mason University Press, 1991), pp. 173–208, 194–6.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Hugh Thomas, The Unlikely Death of Heinrich Himmler (London, 2001), p. 149

    Google Scholar 

  27. Yveline Pendaries, Les Procès de Rastatt (1946–1954). Le jugement des crimes de guerre en zone française d’occupation en Allemagne (Bern: Lang, 1995).

    Google Scholar 

  28. William Shirer, Berlin Diary (New York: Knopf, 1941), p. 512

    Google Scholar 

  29. N.D.A. Kemp, Merciful Release (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002), pp. 122–4.

    Google Scholar 

  30. P.J. Weindling, ‘The Medical Publisher J.F. Lehmann and Racial Hygiene’, in Sigrid Stöckel (ed.), Die ‘rechte Nation’ und ihr Verleger. Politik und Popularisierung im J.F. Lehmanns Verlag 1890–1979 (Berlin: Lehmanns Media, 2002), pp. 159–70.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Michael and Joachim Kaasch, ‘Die Auseinandersetzung des XX. Leopoldina-Präsidenten und Schweizerbürgers Emil Abderhalden um Eigentum und Entschädigung mit der sowjetischen und der amerikanischen Besatzungsmacht (1945–1949)’, Acta Historica Leopoldina, vol. 36 (2000) 329–84.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Norman Naimark, The Russians in Germany. A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1995), pp. 203–49.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Copyright information

© 2004 Paul Julian Weindling

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Weindling, P.J. (2004). Criminal Research. In: Nazi Medicine and the Nuremberg Trials. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230506053_4

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230506053_4

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-230-50700-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-230-50605-3

  • eBook Packages: Palgrave History CollectionHistory (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics