Abstract
An atlas of Europe before 1918 does not show Lithuania or Latvia. The former corresponds to what was then the Duchy of Courland, and the latter was Livonia. Russia controlled both, as well as Estonia (Estland), and had done so since the eighteenth century. Before that, Sweden was the ruler. The present-day state boundaries do not correspond exactly to these historic divisions, but there is no doubt that ethnic divisions between them have existed for a long time, and marked them off from Russia.
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Notes
Miroslav Hroch has expounded this in his Social Preconditions of National Revival in Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), in which he discusses Estonia and Lithuania as ‘belated types’.
The best account of these years, and of the history leading up to them, is probably by Anatol Lieven, The Baltic Revolution. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and the Path to Independence (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1993).
Barry Turner (ed.), The Statesman’s Yearbook 2003 (Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002), p. 601.
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© 2004 James G. Kellas
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Kellas, J.G. (2004). The Baltic Nations (Lithuania/Lietuva, Latvia/Latvija, and Estonia/Eesti). In: Nationalist Politics in Europe. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230597273_14
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230597273_14
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