Abstract
The claim that Taiwan belongs to China is actually very modern. After Chiang Kai-shek came to power in China, the ruling Chinese Nationalist Party (Kuomintang) displayed considerable ambivalence toward Taiwan. Some Chinese Nationalists claimed that Taiwan should be returned to the bosom of the Motherland, while others, who noted that Taiwanese had fought with the Japanese forces in China and played important roles in the Japanese “puppet” governments in occupied China, viewed Taiwan as enemy territory to be occupied and exploited.1
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Notes
J. Bruce Jacobs, “Taiwanese and the Chinese Nationalists, 1937–1945: The Origins of Taiwan’s ‘Half-Mountain People’ (Banshan ren),” Modern China, vol. 16, no. 1 (January 1990), pp. 84–118.
See also Steven E. Phillips, Between Assimilation and Independence: The Taiwanese Encounter Nationalist China, 1945–1950 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), pp. 40–63.
Edgar Snow, Red Star over China (New York: Grove Press [Black Cat Edition], 1961 [1938]), p. 96. This paperback edition reprints the original 1938 edition. On p. 91, Snow indicates the procedures through which the interviews went. He argues, “because of such precautions I believe these pages to contain few errors of reporting” (Snow, Red Star Over China p. 91). In addition, we know that the Chinese Communist Party vetted Snow’s manuscript very carefully.
Huang Fu-san, A Brief History of Taiwan: A Sparrow Transformed into a Phoenix (Taipei: Government Information Office, 2005), Chapter 2, p. 2. This work can be found at www.gio.gov.tw/taiwan-website/5-gp/history/
Macabe Keliher, Out of China or Yu Yonghe’s Tale of Formosa: A History of Seventeenth-Century Taiwan (Taipei: SMC Publishing, 2003), p. 96.
This date comes from Kiyoshi Ito, History of Taiwan, trans. Walter Chen (Taibei: Qianwei, 2004), p. 9.
Xue Hua-yuan, Dai Baocun, and Zhou Meili, Taiwan bushi Zhongguo de: Taiwan guomin de lishi [Taiwan Is Not Chinese: A History of the Taiwanese People] (Danshui: Quncehui, 2005), p. 59.
An English translation is Hsueh Hua-yuan, Tai Paotsun, and Chow Mei-li, Is Taiwan Chinese? A History of Taiwanese Nationality (Tamsui: Taiwan Advocates, 2005), p. 56.
Pamela Kyle Crossley, A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 1999), p. 14, n. 24.
Justin Tighe, Constructing Suiyuan: The Politics of Northwestern Territory and Development in Early Twentieth-Century China (Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2005), p. 21.
John Robert Shepherd, Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800 (Taipei: SMC Publishing, 1995), p. 408.
Huang, A Brief History of Taiwan (Chapter 5), p. 6. For Le Gendre’s first person account of this expedition, see James W. Davidson, The Island of Formosa: Past and Present (London: Macmillan & Co., 1903), pp. 117–122.
Immanuel C.Y. Hsu, The Rise of Modern China, 3rd ed. (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1983), p. 316.
Hosea Ballou Morse, The International Relations of the Chinese Empire, vol. II (London, New York, Bombay: Longmans, Green, 1918), p. 271.
Kwang-Ching Liu and Richard J. Smith, “The Military Challenge: The Northwest and the Coast,” in The Cambridge History of China, ed. John K. Fairbank and Kwang-Ching Liu (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980), p. 260.
Yang Bichuan, Taiwan lishi cidian [Taiwan Historical Dictionary] (Taipei: Qianwei, 1997), p. 259.
Lee Teng-hui made this statement in his famous interview with Shiba Ryōtarō, which took place in Japanese. See Shiba Ryōtarō, Taiwan kikô [A Taiwan Journey] (Tokyo: Asahi Shinbun, 1994), p. 489.
Two different Chinese translations follow the Chinese text closely: Shiba Ryōtarō, Taiwan jixing [A Taiwan Journey], trans. Li Jinsong (Taipei: Taiwan Dongfan, 1996), p. 525
and Li Denghui, Jingying da Taiwan [Managing a Great Taiwan] (Taipei: Yuanliu, 1995), p. 472. This latter version, trans. Luo Yi-wen, originally appeared in the Taiwan magazine, Heibai xinwen zhoukan [Black and White Newsweekly], no. 34 (May 29–June 4, 1994).
Tadasu Hayashi, The Secret Memoirs of Count Tadasu Hayashi (New York: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1915), p. 57
as quoted in S.C.M. Paine, The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895: Perceptions, Power, and Primacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), pp. 291–292.
Edward I-te Chen, “Japanese Colonialism in Korea and Formosa: A Comparison of the Systems of Political Control,” Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 30 (1970), p. 134.
Edward I-te Chen, “Formosan Political Movements Under Japanese Colonial Rule, 1914–1937,” The Journal of Asian Studies vol. XXXI, no. 3 (1972), pp. 493–494.
Jaushieh Joseph Wu, Taiwan’s Democratization: Forces Behind the New Momentum (Hong Kong, Oxford, and New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 44, 103.
Lan Yiping, “Minzhuhua jiu shi Taiwanhua [Democratization is Precisely Taiwanization],” Minzhuren [The Democrat], no. 8 (May 16, 1983), pp. 11–12.
Harry J. Lamley, “Taiwan Under Japanese Rule, 1895–1945: The Vicissitudes of Colonialism,” in Taiwan: A New History, ed. Murray A. Rubinstein (Armonk, New York, and London: M.E. Sharpe, 1999), p. 207.
Preface of Qiu Rongju in Chen Yingtai, Huiyi, jianzheng baise kongbu [Recollections, Witness to the White Terror], 2 vols., vol. 1 (Taipei: Tangshan, 2005), p. xiii.
Edward I-te Chen, “Japan’s Decision to Annex Taiwan: A Study of Ito-Mutsu Diplomacy, 1894–95,” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 37, no. 1 (1977), pp. 61–70.
Li Xiaofeng, Taiwan shi 100 jian da shi [100 Major Events in Taiwan History], 2 vols., vol. 1 (Taibei: Yushan, 1999), pp. 97–102.
In English, Harry Lamley has written three major pieces on the Republic of Taiwan: Harry J. Lamley, “The 1895 Taiwan Republic: A Significant Episode in Modern Chinese History,” The Journal of Asian Studies vol. 27, no. 4 (August 1968), pp. 739–762
Harry J. Lamley, “The 1895 Taiwan War of Resistance: Local Chinese Efforts against a Foreign Power,” in Taiwan: Studies in Chinese Local History, ed. Leonard H.D. Gordon (New York and London: Columbia University Press, 1970), pp. 23–77
and Harry J. Lamley, “A Short-Lived Republic and War, 1895: Taiwan’s Resistance Against Japan,” in Taiwan in Modern Times, ed. Paul K.T. Sih (New York: St. John’s University Press, 1973), pp. 241–316. The duration of the Republic of Taiwan comes from Ito, Taiwan, pp. 118–119.
The important Musha aboriginal uprising, which took place in October 1930, killed more than 200 Japanese including the provincial governor. The Japanese killed thousands in response. See, inter alia, George H. Kerr, Formosa: Licensed Revolution and the Home Rule Movement 1895–1945 (Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii, 1974), pp. 151–154.
An interesting analysis is Leo T. S. Ching, Become “Japanese”: Colonial Taiwan and the Politics of Identity Formation (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of California Press, 2001), pp. 133–173.
Ito, Taiwan, pp. 188–189. See also Frank S. T. Hsiao and Lawrence R. Sullivan, “A Political History of the Taiwanese Communist Party, 1928–1931,” The Journal of Asian Studies, vol. 42, no. 2 (February 1983), pp. 269–289.
The literature on the February 28 Uprising has become large. The best book in English remains the eyewitness account of George H. Kerr, Formosa Betrayed (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965).
A useful, but flawed book based on early opening of the archives and some interviews is Tse-han Lai, Ramon H. Myers, and Wou Wei, A Tragic Beginning: The Taiwan Uprising of February 28, 1947 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1991). Also useful is a chapter of Phillips, Between Assimilation and Independence, pp. 64–88.
A shorter, useful first-person account is Ming-min Peng, A Taste of Freedom: Memoirs of a Formosan Independence Leader (New York, Chicago, and San Francisco: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1972), pp. 65–72.
The best source in English on the KMT Reform is Bruce J. Dickson, “The Lessons of Defeat: The Reorganization of the Kuomintang on Taiwan, 1950– 1952,” The China Quarterly, vol. 133 (March 1993), pp. 56–84.
One of the best books on this early period is Fred W. Riggs, Formosa under Chinese Nationalist Rule (New York: Macmillan, 1952).
The text is available in Victor H. Li, ed., The Future of Taiwan: A Difference of Opinion (White Plains, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1980), pp. 174–185.
Qiu Hongda, “Diaoyutai lieyu wenti da shiji [A Chronology of the Diaoyutai Islands Question],” Daxue zazhi [The Intellectual], vol. 40 (April 1971), pp. 20–21.
Mab Huang, Intellectual Ferment for Political Reforms in Taiwan, 1971–1973 (Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, 1976), p. 7.
“Women de You! Women de Xue! [Our Oil! Our Blood!],” Zili wanbao [Independence Evening News], April 15, 1971, p. 1 as cited in Mark Harrison, Legitimacy, Meaning and Knowledge in the Making of Taiwanese Identity (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), p. 119.
J. Bruce Jacobs, “One China, Diplomatic Isolation and a Separate Taiwan,” in China’s Rise, Taiwan’s Dilemmas and International Peace, ed. Edward Friedman (London and New York: Routledge, 2006), pp. 85–109, esp. pp. 89–94.
For more information on these changes, see J. Bruce Jacobs, “Taiwan 1972: Political Season,” Asian Survey, vol. 13, no. 1 (January 1973), pp. 102–112.
J. Bruce Jacobs, “Political Opposition and Taiwan’s Political Future,” The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs, vol. 6 (July 1981), pp. 27–36.
J. Bruce Jacobs, “‘Taiwanization’ in Taiwan’s Politics,” in Cultural, Ethnic, and Political Nationalism in Contemporary Taiwan: Bentuhua, ed. John Makeham and A-Chin Hsiau (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), pp. 22–33.
C. L. Chiou, Democratizing Oriental Despotism: China from 4 May 1919 to 4 June 1989 and Taiwan from 28 February 1947 to 28 June 1990 (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1995), pp. 96–99
and Liang Surong, Dashi dafei: Liang Surong huiyilu [Right and Wrong: The Memoirs of Liang Su -jung] (Taibei: Tianxia Wenhua, 1995), pp. 209–223.
For details on Lee Teng-hui as well as his presidency, see J. Bruce Jacobs and I-hao Ben Liu, “Lee Teng-hui and the Idea of ‘Taiwan,’” China Quarterly, vol. 190 (June 2007), pp. 375–393.
Szu-yin Ho and I-chou Liu, “The Taiwanese/Chinese Identity of the Taiwan People in the 1990s,” in Sayonara to the Lee Teng-hui Era: Politics in Taiwan, 1988–2000, ed. Wei-chin Lee and T. Y. Wang (Lanham: University Press of America, 2003), pp. 149–183.
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Jacobs, J.B. (2008). Taiwan’s Colonial History and Postcolonial Nationalism. In: Chow, P.C.Y. (eds) The “One China” Dilemma. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230611931_3
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