Abstract
Since the 1960s, liberal feminist perspectives have dominated western women’s movements, a trend that has prompted radical and minority voices to critique this political approach. If the only women who benefit are white, heterosexual and middle-class, there will be no fundamental challenge to systems of power and privilege based on race and ethnicity, socioeconomic status and sexuality.
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Notes
A. Lorde, The Master’s Tools Will Never Dismantle the Master’s House, in Sister Outsider (Santa Cruz, CA: Crossing Press, 1984), 110–13.
U. Franklin, Will Women Change Technology or Will Technology Change Women? CRIAW Papers (Ottawa: CRIAW, 1985).
For a discussion of developments in CAAWS prior to 1990, see H. Lenskyj, Out on the Field: Gender, Sport and Sexualities (Toronto: Women’s Press, 2003), chapter 4.
CAAWS Presents at the IOC Women and Sport Conference (March 21, 2012), CAAWS web site. http://www.caaws.ca/e/archives/article. cfm?id=4451&search=olympic; IOC, 5th World Conference on Women and Sport (Los Angeles, CA, February 16–18, 2012), http://www.olympic. org/Documents/Commissions_PDFfiles/women_and_sport/Los-Angeles-Declaration-2012.pdf
Interview with Nikki Dryden (Toronto, May 14, 2012).
K. Davis, The Making of Our Bodies Ourselves: How Feminism Travels across Borders (Durham, NC: Duke University Press. 2007)
see also R. Giulianotti, Human Rights, Globalization and Sentimental Education: The Case of Sport, Sport in Society 7:3 (2004), 355–69.
S. Carr, Title IX: An Opportunity to Level the Olympic Playing Field, Seton Hall Journal of Sports and Entertainment Law 19 (2009), 149–80.
See, for example, L. Carpenter and R. Acosta, Title IX (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics, 2005).
Davis, The Making of Our Bodies Ourselves, 72.
G. Steinem, The Strongest Woman in the World, New Woman (July 1994), 69–73.
Of the numerous examples, here are some from the UK, the US, and Australia: A. Blue, Faster, Higher, Further: Women’s Triumphs and Disasters at the Olympics (London: Virago, 1988)
A. DeFranz, The Olympic Games: Our Birthright to Sport, in G. Cohen (ed.), Women in Sport: Issues and Controversies (Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1993), 185–92
M. Stell, Half the Race: A History of Australian Women in Sport (Sydney: Angus & Robertson, 1991), 101–39.
R. Pound, Inside Dope (Mississauga, ON: Wiley, 2006).
See, for example, C. Breckenridge, Spoilsports (London: Routledge, 2001); Lenskyj, Out on the Field, chapter 2
J. Ryan, Little Girls in Pretty Boxes: The Making and Breaking of Elite Gymnasts and Figure Skaters (New York: Doubleday, 1995)
P. Close, D. Askew, and X. Xin, The Beijing Olympiad (New York: Routledge, 2007), 170–3.
See, for example, N. Rivenburgh, The Olympic Games: Twenty-First Century Challenges As a Global Media Event, Culture, Sport, Society 5:3 (2002), 31–50
G. Daddario and B. Wigley, Gender Marking and Racial Stereotyping at the 2004 Athens Games, Journal of Sports Media 2:1 (2007), 31–51.
D. Lopiano, A Political Analysis of the Possibility of Impact Alternatives for the Accomplishment of Feminist Objectives within American Intercollegiate Sport, Arena Review 8:2 (1984), 49.
D. Lopiano, Tomorrow in Women’s Sport: Now Is Just the Tip of the Iceberg, presentation to the annual national conference of the Women’s Sport Foundation (Bloomingdale, IL: May 17, 1997).
A. Schweinbenz and A. Cronk, Femininity Control at the Olympic Games, Third Space 9:2 (2010), http://www.thirdspace.ca/journal/article/view/ schweinbenzcronk
A. Jutel, “Thou Dost Run As in Flotation”: Femininity, Reassurance and the Emergence of the Women’s Marathon, International Journal of the History of Sport 20:3 (2003), 17–36.
S. Hughson, The Bodysuit: Empowering or Objectifying Australia’s Elite Women Athletes? unpublished paper (Canberra: Psychology Department, Australian Institute of Sport, 1998).
N. Da Costa, “I Want Short Shorts”: Blatter, Toronto Star (January 17, 2004).
Badminton example cited in M. Talbot, The Role of Olympic Education in Today’s Sport World, presentation to the International Olympic Academy (Athens, May 15, 2011).
Female Beach Volleyball Players Permitted to Wear Less Revealing Uniforms, The Telegraph (March 27, 2012), http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/olympics/ volleyball/9169429/London-2012-Olympics-female-beach-volleyball-playerspermitted-to-wear-less-revealing-uniforms.html
Human Rights Watch, “Steps of the Devil”: Denial of Women and Girls’ Right to Sport in Saudi Arabia (Human Rights Watch web site, 2012), http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/saudi0212webwcover.pdf
Olympic Boxing Authority to Discuss Women Wearing Skirts, TSN (November 4, 2011), http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2011/11/04/olympicboxing-authority-_n_1076510.html
H. Lenskyj, Olympic Industry Resistance: Challenging Olympic Power and Propaganda (Albany, NY: SUNY Press, 2008), chapter 7.
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© 2013 Helen Jefferson Lenskyj
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Lenskyj, H.J. (2013). The Limits of Liberalism: Sex, Gender and Sexualities. In: Gender Politics and the Olympic Industry. Palgrave Studies in the Olympic and Paralympic Games. Palgrave Pivot, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291158_3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137291158_3
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