Skip to main content

Nonverbal Neurology: How the Brain Encodes and Decodes Wordless Signs, Signals, and Cues

  • Chapter
The Social Psychology of Nonverbal Communication

Abstract

The brain, spinal chord, and peripheral nerves are seldom mentioned in research on human nonverbal communication. Though they play key roles in body-motion expressivity, the neurons, neural pathways, and brain modules that control movements are often discounted, or entirely left out of the picture. In this chapter, the nervous system plays a leading role in explaining how our facial expressions, hand gestures, and bodily postures are produced and deciphered. We begin with an overview of the nonverbal brain’s evolution, from ca. 500 million years ago to the present day.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Barthelemy, D., & Nielsen, J. B. (2010). Corticospinal contribution to arm muscle activity during human walking. Journal of Physiology, 588, 967–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blurton Jones, N. G. (1967). An ethological study of some aspects of social behaviour of children in nursery school. In D. Morris (Ed.), Primate Ethology (pp. 347–68). Chicago: Aldine.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brannigan, C., & Humphries, D. (1972). Human non-verbal behaviour: A means of communication. In N. G. Blurton Jones (Ed.), Ethological Studies of Child Behaviour (pp. 37–64). Cambridge: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brownlow, S., Dixon, A. R., Egbert, C. A., & Radcliffe, R. D. (1997). Perception of movement and dancer characteristics from point-light displays of dance. The Psychological Record, 47(3), 411–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1973). Facial expression of emotion in nonhuman primates. In P. Ekman (Ed.), Darwin and facial expression (pp. 11–89). New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corina, D. P., & Knapp, H. (2006). Sign language processing and the mirror neuron system. Cortex, 42(4), 529–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Darwin, C. (1998). The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd edn). New York: Oxford University Press. (original work published 1872.)

    Google Scholar 

  • de Waal, F. (1982). Chimpanzee politics. London: Jonathan Cape.

    Google Scholar 

  • de Waal, F., & Lanting, F. (1997). Bonobo: The forgotten ape. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Devine, J. (1985). The versatility of human locomotion. American Anthropologist, 87, 550–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eccles, J. (1989). Evolution of the brain: Creation of the self. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P. (1998). Commentaries. In C. Darwin (Ed.), The expression of the emotions in man and animals (3rd edn). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. V. (1968). Nonverbal behavior in psychotherapy research. In J. Shlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy (pp. 179–216). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., Friesen, W. V. & Tomkins, S. S. (1971). Facial affect scoring technique: A first validity study. Semiotica, 3, 37–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freedberg, D. (2009). Movement, embodiment, emotion. In T. Dufrenne, & A. Taylor (Eds), Cannibalismes disciplinaires, quand l’Histoire de l’Art et I’Anthropologie se rencontrent (pp. 37–61). Paris: INHA/Musee du Quai Branly.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghez, C. (1991). Voluntary movement. In E. R. Kandel, J. H. Schwartz & T. M. Jessell (Eds), Principles of neural science (3rd edn, pp. 609–25). Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.

    Google Scholar 

  • Givens, D. B. (1977). Shoulder shrugging: A densely communicative expressive behavior. Semiotica, 19(1/2), 13–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Givens, D. B. (1978). Social expressivity during the first year of life Sign Language Studies, 20, 251–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Givens, D. B. (1986). The big and the small: Toward a paleontology of gesture Sign Language Studies, 51, 145–67.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Givens, D. B. (2013). The nonverbal dictionary of gestures, signs & body language cues. Spokane, Washington: Center for Nonverbal Studies Press. Retrieved from http://www.center-for-nonverbal-studies.org/6101.html

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodall, J. (1986). The chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of behavior. Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grant, E. (1969). Human facial expressions. Man, 4, 525–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grillner, S. (1996). Neural networks for vertebrate locomotion. Scientific American, 274, 64–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, R. C., Packer, I. K., Hungerbuhler, J. P., Reivich, M., Obrist, W. D., Amarnek, W. S., & Sackeim, H. A. (1980). Differences in the distribution of gray and white matter in human cerebral hemispheres. Science, 207, 1226–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guyton, A. C. (1996). Textbook of medical physiology (9th edn). Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haxby, James V. and M. Ida Gabbini (2011). Distributed neural systems for face perception (Ch. 6). In A. J. Calder, G. Rhodes, M. Johnson, J. Haxby (Eds), The Oxford Handbook of Face Perception (pp. 93–110). New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iacoboni, M. (2009). Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 653–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson, G. (1973). Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. Perceptual Psychophysiology,14(2), 201–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kandel, E. R., Schwartz, J. H. & Jessell, T. M. (Eds) (1991). Principles of neural science (3rd ed.). Norwalk, Connecticut: Appleton & Lange.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendon, A. (2004). Gesture: Visible actions as utterance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keysers, C., & Fadiga, L. (2008). The mirror neuron system: New frontiers Social Neuroscience, 3(3–4), 193–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • LeDoux, J. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Simon & Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • MacLean, P. D. (1990). The triune brain in evolution. New York: Plenum Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mather, G., & Murdoch, L. (1994). Gender discrimination in biological motion displays based on dynamic cues. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London: Series B, 258, 273–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McGrew, W. C. (1972). Aspects of social development in nursery school children with emphasis on introduction to the group. In N. G. Blurton Jones (Ed.), Ethological Studies of Child Behaviour (pp. 129–56). Cambridge: University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meltzoff, A. N. (2002). Elements of a developmental theory of imitation. In Meltzoff, A. N. & Prinz, W. (Eds), The imitative mind: Development, evolution, and brain bases. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (pp. 19–41).

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Overy, K. (2006). Music and mirror neurons: From motion to ‘e’motion. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience,. 1,(3), 235–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Montgomery, K. J., Isenberg, N., & Haxby, J. V. (2007). Communicative hand gestures and object-directed hand movements activated the mirror neuron system. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2(2), 114–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morris, D. (1994). Bodytalk: The meaning of human gestures. New York: Crown Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Niedenthal, P. M. (2007). Embodying emotion. Science, 316, 1002–005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norton, R. (1983). Communicator style: Theory, applications, and measures. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Restak, R. (1994). Receptors. New York: Bantam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richmond, V. P., McCroskey, J. C. & Payne, S. K. (1991). Nonverbal behavior in interpersonal relations (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rozin P., Lowery, L. & Ebert, R. (1994). Varieties of disgust faces and the structure of disgust. Journal of Personality and Social Psycholology, 66(5), 870–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salzen, E. A. (1979). The ontogeny of fear in animals. In W. Sluckin (Ed.), Fear in Animals and Man (pp. 125–63). New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. J. (2012). The developing mind: How relationships and the brain interact to shape who we are (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sirigu, A., Duhamel, J. R., Cohen, L., Pillon, B., Dubois, B., & Agid, Y. (1996). The mental representation of hand movements after parietal cortex damage. Science, 273, 1564–568.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sommer, R. (1969). Personal space: The behavioral basis of design. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stern, D. & Bender, E. (1974). An ethological study of children approaching a strange adult. In R. C. Friedman, R. N. Richart, & R. L. Vande Wiele (Eds), Sex differences in behavior (233–58). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ulloa, E. R., & Pineda, J. A. (2007). Recognition of point-light biological motion: Mu rhythms and mirror neuron activity. Behavioural Brain Research, 183(2), 188–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ushioda, T., Watanabe, Y., Sanjo, Y., Yamane, G. Y., Abe, S., Tsuji, Y., & Ishiyama, A. (2012). Visual and uditory stimuli associated with swallowing activate mirror neurons: A magnetoencephalography study. Dysphagia 27(4), 504–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Gaag, C., Minderaa, R. B., & Keysers, C. (2007). Facial expressions: What the mirror neuron system can and cannot tell us. Social Neuroscience, 2(3–4), 179–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003). Both of us disgusted in my insula: The common neural basis of seeing and feeling disgust. Neuron, 40 (3), 655–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, P. L. (1995). Gray’s anatomy: The anatomical basis of medicine and surgery. London: Churchill Livingstone.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, M. P., & Yamane, S. (1992). Sparse Population Coding of Faces in the Inferotemporal Cortex. Science 256, 1327–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Copyright information

© 2015 David B. Givens

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Givens, D.B. (2015). Nonverbal Neurology: How the Brain Encodes and Decodes Wordless Signs, Signals, and Cues. In: Kostić, A., Chadee, D. (eds) The Social Psychology of Nonverbal Communication. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137345868_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics