Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intergroup Peace and Interpersonal Violence in South Africa

  • Chapter
The Economic Roots of Conflict and Cooperation in Africa

Part of the book series: Politics, Economics, and Inclusive Development ((POEID))

  • 251 Accesses

Abstract

Appropriately dubbed the Rainbow Nation, South Africa is home to an incredible ethnic, religious, cultural, and linguistic diversity. Blacks 1 form the majority and account for 79.5 percent of the population, while whites, coloreds, and Asians make up 9 percent, 9 percent, and 2.5 percent, respectively (Statistics South Africa 2011a, 3). Each of these groups also contains multitudes of even narrower ethnic identities. Although South Africa has the biggest economy in Africa, it is one of the most unequal countries worldwide—this is one legacy of apartheid. By the end of apartheid in 1994, South Africa’s black population ranked one hundred and twenty-third in the world according to the Human Development Index, while whites ranked twenty-fourth (United Nations Development Programme 1994, 98). These extreme inequalities deepened the divides among South Africans and threatened to tear the nation apart. Outbursts of political violence, which killed an estimated 14,000 people, accompanied the 46-month process of negotiations leading to the end of apartheid (South African Press Association 1997).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Abrahams, N., R. Jewkes, L. J. Martin, S. Mathews, C. Lombard, and L. Vetten. 2009. Mortality of women from intimate partner violence in South Africa: A national epidemio-logical study. Violence Vict. 24(4): 546–556. Quoted in Seedat et al. 2009. Violence and injuries in South Africa: prioritizing an agenda for prevention. Lancet 374: 1012.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, Martin, Ben Cousins, and Siyabulela Manona. 1999. Land tenure and economic development in rural South Africa: Constraints and opportunities. Overseas Development Institute , working paper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Afrobarometer. 2010. Tolerance in South Africa: Exploring popular attitudes toward foreigners. Afrobarometer briefing paper no. 82. Agence France-Presse. 2011. Black farmers selling land back to whites. News 24 (August 31, 2011). www.news24.com/SouthAfrica/Politics/Black-farmers-selling-land-back-to-whites-20110831 . Accessed January 30, 2012.

  • Banerjee, Abhijit, Sebastian Galiani, Jim Levinsohn, Zoë McLaren, and Ingrid Woolard. 2007. Why has unemployment risen in the new South Africa? National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper No. 13167. www.nber.org/papers/w13167.pdf . Accessed December 13, 2011.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Beall, Jo. 2006. Cultural weapons: Traditions, inventions and the transition to democratic governance in metropolitan Durban. Urban Studies 43(2): 457–473.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bek, David, Tony Binns, and Etienne Nel. 2004. ‘Catching the development train’: Perspectives on ‘top-down’ and ‘bottom-up’ development in post-apartheid South Africa. Progress in Development Studies 4(1): 22–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch, D. 2003. Land conflict management in South Africa: Lessons learned from a land rights approach. Food and Agriculture Organization Land Reform 96–111 . www.fao.org/docrep/006/j0415t/j0415t0a.htm. Accessed December 16, 2011.

  • Botswana Ministry of Finance and Development Planning. 1994. The third evaluation of the financial assistance policy (FAP). October. Draft Final Report. Quoted in Owusu, Francis, and Abdi Ismail Samatar. 1997. “Industrial strategy and the African state: The Botswana experience.” Canadian Journal of African Studies 31(2): 288.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, Leslie, Michael Spicer, and Gavin Keeton. 2001. Economic scenarios for South Africa: A business perspective. Daedalus 130(1): 71–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Broad-Based Black Economic Empowerment Act, 2003. 2004, Government Gazette; Cape Town. http://bee.thedti.gov.za/docs/The%20Broad-Based%20Black%20Economic%20Empowerment%20Act%2053%20of%202003.pdf. Accessed December 13, 2011.

  • Burger, Rulof and Rachel Jaft. 2006. Returns to race: Labour market discrimination in postapartheid South Africa. Working Paper No. 4, Stellenbosch University. www.csae.ox.ac.uk/conferences/2006-EOI-RPI/papers/csae/Burger.pdf. Accessed December 19, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camerer, Lala, Antoinette Louw, Mark Shaw, Lillian Artz, and Wilfried Scharf. 1998. Crime in Cape Town: Results of a city victim survey. Institute for Security Studies Monograph Series 23. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies. www.iss.co.za/uploads/Mono23Full.pdf . Accessed December 6, 2011.

  • Chimhete, Caiphas. 2010. Xenophobic attacks—Terrified Zimbabweans prepare to flee. The Standard (June 26, 2010). http://allafrica.com/stories/201006280996.html . Accessed December 6, 2011.

  • Citizen Surveys. 2008. Summary of results: Round 4 Afrobarometer Survey in South Africa. Afrobarometer. Constitution of South Africa [No. 108 of 1996].

    Google Scholar 

  • Crush, Jonathan. 2008. Perfect storm: The realities of xenophobia in contemporary South Africa. Migration Policy Series 50. Cape Town: Idasa. www.queensu.ca/samp/sampresources/samppublications/policyseries/Acrobat50.pdf

  • Crush, Jonathan, David McDonald, Vincent Williams, Robert Mattes, Wayne Richmond, C. M. Rogerson, and J. M. Rogerson. 2000. Losing our minds: Migration and the “Brain Drain” from South Africa. Southern African Migration Project. Migration Policy Series No. 18. Cape Town: Southern African Migration Programme.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowdney, Luke. 2004. Neither war nor peace: International Comparisons of children and youth in organised armed violence. Rio de Janeiro: Viva Rio. www.coav.org.br/publique/media/New1.pdf. Accessed January 1, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durning, Alan. 1990. Apartheid’s environmental toll. Worldwatch Paper 95. Washington, DC: World Watch Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Facchini, Giovanni, Anna Maria Mayda, and Mariapia Mendola. 2011. South-South migration and the labor market: Evidence from South Africa. www.freit.org/EIIT/2011/SubmittedPapers/Anna_Maria_Mayda44.pdf. Accessed December 19, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Garland, Gerry, Timm Hoffman, and Simon Todd. 1999. Chapter 6: Soil degradation. In Land degradation in South Africa , edited by T. Hoffman, S. Todd, Z. Ntshona, and S. Turner, 69–107. Claremont, South Africa: National Botanical Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, Leah. 1996. Urban violence and health—South Africa 1995. Social Science Medicine 43(5): 873–886.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, Diana. 1998. Crime in the new South Africa. The Nation 267(15): 17–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gould, Chandré , Guy Lamb, Gregory Mthembu-Salter, Steven Nakana, and Dennis Rubel. 2004. South Africa. In Hide and seek: Taking account of small arms in southern Africa, edited by Chandré Gould and Guy Lamb, 132–266. Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, Centre for Conflict Resolution and Gun Free South Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Growth, Employment and Redistribution: A Macroeconomic Strategy, 1996. www.stanford.edu/class/history48q/Documents/GEAR.pdf . Accessed December 13, 2011.

  • Hall, Ruth. 2007. Transforming rural South Africa? Taking stock of land reform. In The land question , edited by Lungisile Ntsebeza and Ruth Hall, 87–106. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazell, Peter B. R. 2003. Is there a future for small farms? In 25th International Conference of Agricultural Economists. Durban, South Africa: Document Transformation Technologies. http://ecsocman.hse.ru/data/846/660/1219/151.pdf. Accessed February 17, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holden, P. 1990. Regional development policy: a critical evaluation. South African Journal of Economics , 58(2): 223–231. Quoted in Kleynhans, Ewert, Willem Naudé , and Stefanus van der Merwe. 2003. Spatial economic development in South Africa: an overview and evaluation of the Platinum Spatial Development Initiative. Development Southern Africa 20(5): 617–631.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch. 2001. Unequal protection: The state response to violent crime on South African farms. New York: Human Rights Watch.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2002. Zimbabwe: Fast track land reform in Zimbabwe. www.hrw.org/reports/2002/zimbabwe/. Accessed February 22, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2008. South Africa: Punish attackers in xenophobic violence. May 22, 2008. www.hrw.org/news/2008/05/22/south-africa-punish-attackers-xenophobic-violence. Accessed December 6, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • IHS Global Insight. 2011. Country intelligence: Report—South Africa. IHS Global Insight, Englewood, CO, December 12, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jourdan, P. 1998. Spatial development initiatives (SDIs)—The official view. Development Southern Africa 15(5): 717–725. Quoted in Cousins, Ben, and Thembela Kepe. 2004. Decentralisation when land and resource rights are deeply contested: A case study of the Mkambati Eco-Tourism Project on the wild coast of South Africa. European Journal of Development Research 16(1): 41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kingdon, Geeta and John Knight. 2001. What have we learnt about unemployment from microdatasets in South Africa? Centre for the Study of African Economies. www.csae.ox.ac.uk/resprogs/usam/social%20dynamics%20paper.pdf . Accessed January 10, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivilu, Mbithi wa. 2002. National Priorities. In Public attitudes in contemporary South Africa: Insights from a Human Science Research Council Survey , 102–112. Cape Town, Human Sciences Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klasen, Stephan. 2000. Measuring poverty and deprivation in South Africa. Review of Income and Wealth 46(1): 33–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klasen, Stephan and Ingrid Woolard. 2000. Surviving unemployment without state support: Unemployment and household formation in South Africa. Sonderforschungsbereich 386, Paper 213. http://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1603/1/paper_ 213.pdf. Accessed December 13, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleynhans, Ewert, Willem Naudé, and Stefanus van der Merwe. 2003. Spatial economic development in South Africa: An overview and evaluation of the Platinum Spatial Development Initiative. Development Southern Africa 20(5): 617–631.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krugell, Waldo, Hannelie Otto, and Jacky van der Merwe. 2009. Local municipalities and progress with the delivery of basic services in South Africa. Working Paper Number 11, North-West University, www.econrsa.org/papers/w_papers/wp116.pdf. Accessed January 8, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahiff, Edward. 2007. ‘Willing buyer, willing seller’: South Africa’s failed experiment in market-led agrarian reform. Third World Quarterly 28(8): 1577–1597.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • —. 2011. Land reform and poverty reduction in South Africa. In Reforming land and resource use in South Africa: Impact on livelihoods , edited by Paul Hebink and Charlie Shackleton, 58–85. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Landau, Loren B. 2007. Discrimination and development? Immigration, urbanisation and sustainable livelihoods in Johannesburg. Development Southern Africa 24(1): 61–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leibbrandt, M., Ingrid Woolard, Arden Finn, and Jonathan Argent. 2010. Trends in South African income distribution and poverty since the fall of apartheid. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers, No. 101, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publishing. http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/5kmms0t7p1ms-en. Accessed December 11, 2011.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Leibbrandt, Murray, Ingrid Woolard, Hayley McEwen, and Charlotte Koep. 2010. Better employment to reduce poverty in South Africa. In Tackling inequalities in Brazil, China, India and South Africa: The role of labour market and social policies. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publishing, pp. 209–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leibbrandt, M., L. Poswell, P. Naidoo, and M. Welch. 2006. Measuring recent changes in South African inequality and poverty using 1996 and 2001 census data. In Poverty and policy in post-apartheid South Africa , edited by H. Bhorat and R. Kanbur. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemanski, Charlotte. 2004. A new apartheid? The spatial implications of fear of crime in Cape Town, South Africa. Environment and Urbanization 16: 101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, David and Robin Bloch. 1998. “SDIs: Infrastructure, agglomeration and the region in industry policy.” Development Southern Africa 15(5): 727–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luiz, J. M. and C. S. Van der Waal. 1997. Re-evaluating South Africa’s regional industrial development programme: Case studies from Brits and Nkowankowa. Urban Forum 8(1): 61–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matzopoulos, Richard. 2005. Violent deaths in SA: The 2003 National Injury Mortality Surveillance System. SA Crime Quarterly 13: 29–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matzopoulos, Richard, Mohamed Seedat, Sandra Marais, and Ashley van Niekerk. 2004. A profile of fatal injuries in South Africa: A platform for safety promotion. Medical Research Council Policy Brief No. 2. www.mrc.ac.za//policybriefs/fatalinjuries.pdf . Accessed December 5, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCusker, Brent. 2004. Land use and cover change as an indicator of transformation on recently redistributed farms in Limpopo province, South Africa. Human Ecology 32(1): 49–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCutcheon, Robert. 2001. An introduction to employment creation in development and lessons learnt from employment creation in construction. Presentation at the First International Conference on Employment Creation in Development, Johannesburg, South Africa, April 2–5, 2001. www.employmentcreation.com/resources/work2001/pdf/Part%201%20preface.pdf . Accessed February 22, 2012.

  • —. 2008. The generation of productive employment opportunities for the unskilled: principles, potential and pitfalls of labour-intensive construction. Presentation at the 10th Path to Full Employment Conference/15th National Unemployment Conference, Newcastle, Australia, December 4–5, 2008. www.robert-mccutcheon.com/resources/Newcastle%20CofFEE%2008%20RM%20Generation%2010Dec08.pdf. Accessed February 22, 2012.

  • MiningReview.com. 2011. SA mining has failed to keep up with its peers. October 26, 2011. www.miningreview.com/node/20112. Accessed December 11, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mistry, Duxita. 2004. Falling crime, rising fear: 2003 National Victims of Crime Survey. Crime Quarterly 8: 17–24. www.iss.co.za/pubs/CrimeQ/No.8/Mistry.htm . Accessed December 6, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, Steven, Neil Andersson, Ncumisa Ngxowa, and Serge Merhi. 2008. A community-based impact assessment of the Wild Coast spatial development initiative, 1997–2004. Development Southern Africa 25(1): 119–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Planning Commission. 2011. National development plan: Vision for 2030. www.npconline.co.za/medialib/downloads/home/NPC%20National%20Development%20 Plan%20Vision%202030%20-lo-res.pdf. Accessed January 9, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norman, Rosana, Richard Matzopoulos, Pam Groenewald, and Debbie Bradshaw. 2007. The high burden of injuries in South Africa. Bulletin of World Health Organization 85(9): 695–702.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ntsebeza, Lungisile. 2004. Democratic decentralisation and traditional authority: Dilemmas of land administration in rural South Africa. European Journal of Development Research 16(1): 71–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Omar, Bilkis. 2004. Crime and safety in South Africa: Release of the 2003 national victim survey results. Presentation at seminar “Is South Africa safer than in 1998? The Institute for Security Studies 2003 National Victim Survey provides some answers,” Pretoria, March 3, 2004. Quoted in Lemanski, Charlotte. 2004. A new apartheid? The spatial implications of fear of crime in Cape Town, South Africa. Environment and Urbanization 16: 106.

    Google Scholar 

  • O wusu, Francis, and Abdi Ismail Samatar. 1997. Industrial strategy and the African state: The Botswana experience. Canadian Journal of African Studies 31(2): 268–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parikh, Alka and Erik Thorbecke. 1996. Impact of rural industrialization on village life and economy: A social accounting matrix approach. Economic Development and Cultural Change 44(2): 351–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patterson, Claire. 2008. Country report local economic development in South Africa. Pretoria: Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit. http://led-devel.elearning4dev.com/sites /led-devel.elearning4dev.com/files/documents/361.pdf . Accessed December 30, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Percival, Val and Thomas Homer-Dixon. 1998. Environmental scarcity and violent conflict: The case of South Africa. Journal of Peace Research 35(3): 279–298.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plessis, Anton du and Antoinette Louw. 2005. Crime and crime prevention in South Africa. Canadian Journal of Cardiology and Criminal Justice 47(2): 427–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Project for Statistics on Living Standards and Development. 1993. South Africans rich and poor: Baseline households statistics. Quoted in Leibbrandt, Murray, Ingrid Woolard, Hayley McEwen, and Charlotte Koep, Employment and inequality outcomes in South Africa. www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/14/45282868.pdf . Accessed January 5, 2012, 10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramphele, Mamphela. 2000. Teach me how to be a man: An exploration of the definition of masculinity. In Violence and Subjectivity , edited by Veena Das, Arthur Kleinman, Mamphela Ramphele, and Pamela Reynolds, 102–140. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Republic of South Africa. 1994. Reconstruction and development programme: A policy framework. www.polity.org.za/polity/govdocs/rdp/rdpall.html . Accessed December 13, 2011. —. 2000. Local government: Municipal Systems Act 2000. www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=68199 . Accessed January 1, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, Christian M. 2011. Tracking local economic development policy and practice in South Africa, 1994–2009. Urban Forum 22: 149–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seedat, Mohamed, Ashley Van Niekerk, Rachel Jewkes, Shahnaaz Suffla, Kopano Ratele. 2009. Violence and injuries in South Africa: Prioritizing an agenda for prevention. Lancet 374: 1011–1022.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shacinda, Shapi. 2010. S.Africa retains black ownership target in mines. Reuters Africa (June 30, 2010). http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE65T0KE20100630 . Accessed December 16, 2011.

  • Shaw, Mark. 2002. Crime and policing in post-apartheid South Africa: Transforming under fire. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • South Africa Department of Land Affairs. 2009. Annual Report 1 April 2008–31 March 2009. www.ruraldevelopment.gov.za/DLA-Internet//content/document_library/documents/Publications/Annual_Report/A nnual_report_2008_2009.pdf . Accessed January 1, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • South Africa Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. 2010. Annual Report 1 April 2009–31 March 2010. www.ruraldevelopment.gov.za/DLA-Internet//content/document_library/documents/Publications/Annual_Report/April2009-March2010.pdf. Accessed January 1, 2012.

  • —. 2011. Annual Report 1 April 2010–31 March 2011. www.ruraldevelopment.gov.za/DLA-Internet//content/document_library/documents/Publications/Annual_Report/rdlr_annual_report2011.pdf . Accessed January 1, 2012.

  • South Africa Department of Trade and Industry. 2011. Industrial policy action plan 2011/12–2013/14: economic sectors and employment cluster. www.info.gov.za/view/DownloadFileAction?id=144975 . Accessed February 22, 2012.

  • South Africa National Treasury, 2011. Estimates of national expenditure 2011. Pretoria. www.treasury.gov.za/documents/national%20budget/2011/ene/FullENE.pdf. Accessed January 15, 2011.

  • South African Police Service. 2003. Robbery with aggravating circumstances. 1994 – 2003 Crime Statistics. Criminal Justice Monitor, Institute for Security Studies. www.iss.co.za/CJM/stats0903/robagr2.htm . Accessed December 6, 2011.

  • —. 2011. Crime Report 2010/2011, www.saps.gov.za/statistics/reports/crimestats/2011/crime_stats.htm . Accessed December 2, 2011.

  • South African Press Association. 1997. Most political deaths occurred in run-up to 1994 election: HRC. May 27, 1997. www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1997/9705/s970527e.htm . Accessed December 15, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southhall, Roger. 2006. Black empowerment and present limits to a more democratic capitalism in South Africa. In State of the nation: South Africa 2005–2006 , edited by Sakhela Buhlungu et al, 175–201. Cape Town: Human Sciences Research Council Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics South Africa. 2011a. Mid-year population estimates 2011. www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0302/P03022011.pdf . Accessed December 15, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • —. 2011b. Quarterly Labour Force Survey. www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0211/P02113rdQuarter2011.pdf . Accessed January 3, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Statistics South Africa —. 2011c. Victims of crime survey. www.statssa.gov.za/publications/P0341/P03412011.pdf . Accessed December 16, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thwala, Wellington Didibhuku. 2006. Land and agrarian reform in South Africa. In Promised land: Competing visions of agrarian reform , edited by Peter Rosset, Raj Patel, and Michael Courville, 57–72. New York: Food First Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. 2009. Trends in international migrant stock: The 2008 revision. http://esa.un.org/migration/p2k0data.asp . Accessed January 1, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Development Program. 1994. Chapter 5 : The human development index revisited. http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/hdr_1994_en_chap5.pdf . Accessed December 15, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Division for Policy Analysis and Public Affairs. 2000. Seventh United Nations Survey of crime trends and operations of criminal justice systems, covering the period 1998–2000. United Nations. http://www.unodc.org/pdf/crime/seventh_survey/7sc.pdf . Accessed June 30, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valentine, Theodore. 1993. Botswana’s financial assistance policy and the indigenization of industrial employment. Center for Economic Research on Africa. http://msuweb.montclair.edu/~lebelp/CERAFRM051Valentine1993.pdf . Accessed February 21, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • Veit, Alex, Vanessa Barolsky, and Suren Pillay. 2011. Violence and violence research in Africa South of the Sahara. International Journal of Conflict and Violence 5(1): 13–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank. 2011. World Bank Indicators 1993–2010 South Africa. World Databank, World Development Indicators and Global Development Finance. http://data.worldbank.org/.Accessed November 4, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Takako Mino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Claremont McKenna College, USA

    William Ascher (Professor of Government and Economics, Director of the Pacific Basin Research Center) (Professor of Government and Economics, Director of the Pacific Basin Research Center)

  2. Duke University, USA

    Natalia Mirovitskaya (Senior Researcher and Lecturing Fellow) (Senior Researcher and Lecturing Fellow)

Copyright information

© 2013 William Ascher and Natalia Mirovitskaya

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mino, T. (2013). Intergroup Peace and Interpersonal Violence in South Africa. In: Ascher, W., Mirovitskaya, N. (eds) The Economic Roots of Conflict and Cooperation in Africa. Politics, Economics, and Inclusive Development. Palgrave Macmillan, New York. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137356796_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation