Abstract
By the beginning of the 20th century, the modern nation-states of Italy and Germany had laid the groundwork for utilizing the state of exception. Executive authorities faced an increasingly challenging international situation which made expulsion more difficult, and despite their admonitions, they faced tensions and problems in implementing their policies on a local level. Those placed in the category of Gypsy felt increasingly challenged as well: they were subjected to arbitrary and extralegal arrest and detention for reasons of public security, expelled and often expropriated, forced to pay the costs of their own detention and expulsion. Their treatment hinged on their status as Gypsies, and the only way to avoid the consequences of this categorization was to escape it. Leaving the category was significantly more difficult in Germany than in Italy, since German strategy involved a more precise enumeration and documentation of Gypsy populations, while Italian policy was more ad hoc.
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Notes
Dino Pieri, Lo Zingaro Maledetto: colera e societä nella Romagna dell’Ottocento (Bologna: Guidicini e Rosa Editori, 1985), 187.
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Colocci himself is a controversial figure in the history of Gypsy studies in Italy. See Leonardo Piasere, “Sigismondo Caccini e gli Sinte Rozengre,” in Italia Romani: volume primo (Roma: CISU, 1996), 119–78.
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Emilio Gentile, La Grande Italia: The Myth of the Nation in the 20th Century (Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2009).
For example, Andrea Del Boca in Italiani, brava gente? Un mito duro a morire (Milano: Neri Pozza, 2005)
Aliza S. Wong, in Race and the Nation in Liberal Italy also argues persuasively for a racialist conception of southern Italians from the liberal state’s very beginnings (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006).
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Quoted in Paolo Melissi, “Adriano Colocci e la cultura del suo tempo,” Lacio Drom 31, no. 2 (1995): 32.
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James Scott, The Art of Not Being Governed: An Anarchist History of Upland Southeast Asia. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2010), 235.
The Scuola di Polizia Scientifica was founded in Rome in 1902, according to A. Capobianco, and their stated mission was the “teaching and individual exercise of scientific methods for the recognition, signaling and moral and physical identification of criminals, and for ascertaining crimes.” The Archivio Centrale dello Stato in Rome has the files from the school, however, they are not yet accessible in an organized form. (Alfredo Capobianco, Il problema di una gente vagabonda in lotta con le leggi (Napoli: Raimondi, 1914), 96.)
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© 2014 Jennifer Illuzzi
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Illuzzi, J. (2014). Creating a State of Exception: 1910–1913. In: Gypsies in Germany and Italy, 1861–1914. Palgrave Macmillan, London. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137401724_5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137401724_5
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