Abstract
In human history, some geniuses( works were unappreciated in their lifetime. For example, Évariste Galois( mathematical contributions were finally published and declared correct in 1843, eleven years after his death.41
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Notes
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The scientific community at the time believed that pangenesis were responsible for inheritance. For example, Darwin(s theory of evolution used pangenesis instead of Mendel(s model of inheritance (Henig 2000).
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In 1900, Mendel(s contribution was rediscovered by Hugo De Vries and Carl Correns (Henig 2000).
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http://bonniebutterfeld.com/vincentvangogh.htm. Given that Van Gogh had never sold any painting successfully before, as an economist, it is interesting to speculate who was the buyer of Van Gogh(s painting, ‘The Red Vineyard’. There are two possible buyers: either this buyer is another genius who appreciates Van Gogh(s talent or this buyer buys Van Gogh(s painting on the philanthropic ground. If the reason is the latter one, then it is reasonable to speculate that this buyer is his brother Theodorus who continually and selflessly provided financial support to Van Gogh throughout Van Gogh(s lifetime. However, source supports the former. It is reported that the buyer was Anne Boch, also a painter, who bought ‘The Red Vineyard’ in Brussels for 400 francs (http://www.nicks.com.au/index.aspx?link_id=76.1257). It is also reported that Ms. Boch loved to promote young artists including Van Gogh whom she admired for his talent.
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According to a report, Albert Einstein(s 1905 paper was ignored by the physics community. This began to change after he received the attention of just one physicist, perhaps the most influential physicist of his generation, Max Planck, the founder of the quantum theory. Soon, owing to Planck(s laudatory comments and experiments that gradually confirmed his theories, Einstein was invited to give lectures at international meetings, such as the Solvay Conferences, and he rose to fame rapidly in the academic world. After he presented his paper on November 6, 1919, the headline of The Times of London read, ‘Revolution in science — New theory of the universe — Newton(s ideas overthrown — Momentous pronouncement — Space ‘warped’. Almost immediately, Einstein became a world-renowned physicist, the successor to Isaac Newton. Invitations came pouring in for him to speak around the world. In 1921. Einstein began his first world tour, visiting the United States, England, Japan and France. Everywhere he went, the crowds numbered in the thousands (http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-256584/albert-einstein).
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During World War II, Dali took refuge in the United States, returning after the war(s ended in Spain. His international reputation ‘continued to grow, based as much on his flamboyance and flair for publicity as on his prodigious output of paintings, graphic works, and book illustrations; and designs for jewelry, textiles, clothing, costumes, shop interiors, and stage sets( (http://www.rain.org/̃artworks/dali/history.html).
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Albert Einstein was nominated for and denied the Nobel Award eight times between 1910 and 1921 (http://www.pentrace.net/penbase/data_returns/full_article.asp?id=466).
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Creativity in painting is deliberately chosen in this study. Scientific innovations, such as in mathematics or chemistry, can be tested ‘objectively’ against the physical world and hence, its acceptance can be based on its applicability or practicability. Unlike scientific innovations, a judgment on a painting involves aesthetic and is highly subjective. Acceptance of a painting can hardly be tested objectively in terms of applicability or practicability. It bases on judgments of sentiment and taste.
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He was also a sculptor, printmaker, ceramicist and stage designer.
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All quotes from Picasso in this paper are retrieved from the BrainyQuote website (http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/quotes/p/pablopicas397437.html).
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The Cubist movement began in 1906 with Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque who lived in the Montmartre quarter of Paris, France. Cubism influenced artists of the first decade of the 20th century. It gave rise to the development of new trends in art like futurism, constructivism and expressionism. Innovative artists, Braque and Picasso, sought new ways to express space and form in painting. Cubism does not aspire to real vision, but to the artist(s mental experience of the world. Thus a new ‘writing of the real’ (Kahnweiler) was developed, put into practice by Braque and Picasso first in the so-called Analytical phase which is dominated by a ‘reality of conception’, to which the representation of the world submits (http://www.gamelow.com/painters-c/cubist.php).
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This is the case in the late Ching dynasty when government officials in the imperial China first time contacted with foreign technologies that they did not understand. With fear, they condemned those technologies as miseries, bizarre and evils and therefore should be shielded of (Yu and Kwan 2003: 75).
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According to Karl Popper, ‘science does not advance by repeated attempts at confirmation of hypotheses. Rather it involves endless testing, the constant overthrow of existing scientific theories and their replacement by wholly new and better kinds of knowledge, that is, the new systems of theories of ever greater content’ (Harper 1996: 61).
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Yu, FL.T. (2011). Innovation and communication. In: New perspectives on economic development. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Wageningen. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-716-5_5
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