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Create Sustainable Mobility Systems

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Resilient Cities

Abstract

Most of the oil consumed in the world is for transport. But transport can phase out oil rapidly, just as power systems are phasing out fossil fuels, as shown in chapter 1. As with power systems, this change will be driven by the world’s cities through advances in technology and strategic changes in the way cities are designed, planned, and operated. A new system of sustainable mobility is already emerging rapidly, as we show in this chapter.

Sustainable mobility provides an alternative paradigm within which to investigate the complexity of cities, and to strengthen the links between land use and transport.

—David Banister, in “The Sustainable Mobility Paradigm”

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Notes

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  20. 20.

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  21. 21.

    Carmel DeAmicis, “Uber Says There Have Been Millions of Trips on UberPool, Its Carpool Option,” Recode, April 16, 2015, http://www.recode.net/2015/4/16/11561556/.

  22. 22.

    Brendan Gogarty, “‘Killer Robots’ Hit the Road—and the Law Has Yet to Catch Up,” The Conversation, November 8, 2015.

  23. 23.

    Peter Newman and Jeffrey Kenworthy, The End of Automobile Dependence: How Cities Are Moving Beyond Car-Based Planning (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2015).

  24. 24.

    Carlin, Rader, and Rucks, “Interoperable Transit Data.” An example of a new shared mobility system is GoJek in Jakarta, which uses smart technology to enable a shared scooter system. Nick Wailes, “The Limits of Silicon Valley: How Indonesia’s GoJek Is Beating Uber,” The Conversation, November 24, 2016, https://theconversation.com/the-limits-of-silicon-valley-how-indonesias-gojek-is-beating-uber-69286?utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=The%20Weekend%20Conversation%20-%206162&utm_content=The%20Weekend%20Conversation%20-%206162+CID_fb74551f9c0a6dd07e3b16e3adb1059e&utm_source=campaign_monitor&utm_term=The%20limits%20of%20Silicon%20Valley%20how%20Indonesias%20GoJek%20is%20beating%20Uber.

  25. 25.

    Newman and Kenworthy, End of Automobile Dependence.

  26. 26.

    Peter Newman, Jeffrey Kenworthy, and Garry Glazebrook, “Peak Car Use and the Rise of Global Rail: Why This Is Happening and What It Means for Large and Small Cities,” Journal of Transportation Technologies 3, no. 4 (October 2013): 272–287, doi:10.4236/jtts.2013.34029.

  27. 27.

    Newman and Kenworthy, End of Automobile Dependence.

  28. 28.

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  29. 29.

    Pucher and Buehler, “Safer Cycling.”

  30. 30.

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    Newman and Kenworthy, End of Automobile Dependence.

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  34. 34.

    See the Cheonggyecheon, Seoul, story in Newman and Kenworthy, End of Automobile Dependence, and more freeway destruction literature in Alana Semuels, “Highways Destroyed America’s Cities: Can Tearing Them Down Bring Revitalization?,” Atlantic Monthly, November 25, 2015.

  35. 35.

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  37. 37.

    Christopher B. Leinberger and Patrick Lynch, “Foot Traffic Ahead: Ranking Walkable Urbanism in America’s Largest Metros” (Washington DC: George Washington University, School of Business, Center for Real Estate and Urban Analysis, 2014).

  38. 38.

    Richard Florida, The Great Reset: How New Ways of Living and Working Drive Post-Crash Prosperity (New York: HarperCollins, 2010).

  39. 39.

    Benjamin Davis, Tony Dutzik, and Phineas Baxandall, “Transportation and the New Generation: Why Young People Are Driving Less and What It Means for Transportation Policy” (San Francisco: Frontier Group and U.S. PIRG Education Fund, 2012).

  40. 40.

    Zlata Rodionova, “UberPool Gets More Than 1 Million Customers,” The Independent, June 7, 2016.

  41. 41.

    Chuck Kooshian and Steve Winkelman, Growing Wealthier: Smart Growth, Climate Change, and Prosperity (Washington, DC: Center for Clean Air Policy, January 2011); Great Data, “CBSA Codes Database,” http://greatdata.com/cbsa-data.

  42. 42.

    Newman and Kenworthy, End of Automobile Dependence.

  43. 43.

    McIntosh, Newman, and Glazebrook, “Why Fast Trains Work.”

  44. 44.

    Peter Newman et al., “The Entrepreneur Rail Model: Tapping Private Investment for New Urban Rail” (Perth: Curtin University Sustainability Policy [CUSP] Institute, February 2016), http://www.curtin.edu.au/research/cusp/local/docs/Rail_Model_Report.pdf.

  45. 45.

    Peter Newman, “Australia Needs to Follow the US in Funding Urban Rail Projects,” The Conversation, August 31, 2016.

  46. 46.

    Reid Ewing et al., “Testing Newman and Kenworthy’s Theory of Density and Automobile Dependence,” Journal of Planning Education and Research 52 (January 2017): 1–16, doi:10.1177/0739456X16688767.

  47. 47.

    Carey Curtis, John L. Renne, and Luca Bertolini, eds., Transit Oriented Development: Making It Happen (London: Ashgate, 2009).

  48. 48.

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  49. 49.

    Curtis, Renne, and Bertolini, Transit Oriented Development.

  50. 50.

    James McIntosh, Roman Trubka, and Peter Newman, “Can Value Capture Work in a Car Dependent City? Willingness to Pay for Transit Access in Perth, Western Australia,” Transportation Research—Part A 67 (2014): 320–339, doi:10.1016/j.tra.2014.07.008.

  51. 51.

    Shishir Mathur and Christopher E. Ferrell, “Effect of Suburban Transit Oriented Developments on Residential Property Values,” MTI Report 08-07, June 2009, Mineta Transportation Institute and San Jose State University, http://www.reconnectingamerica.org/assets/Uploads/effectssuburbantransit2009.pdf.

  52. 52.

    Hank Dittmar and Gloria Ohland, eds., The New Transit Town: Best Practices in Transit-Oriented Development (Washington, DC: Island Press, 2003); CTODRA, “Hidden in Plain Sight”; Roman Trubka, Peter Newman, and Darren Bilsborough, “The Costs of Urban Sprawl—Greenhouse Gases,” Environment Design Guide 84 (2010): 1–16.

  53. 53.

    Gehl and Gemzøe, Public Spaces, Public Life; Jan Gehl, Life Between Buildings: Using Public Space, trans. Jo Koch (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1987); Gehl, Cities for People; Jan Gehl and Lars Gemzøe, New City Spaces (Copenhagen: Danish Architectural Press, 2000); Jan Gehl et al., “Places for People: Study Report” (Melbourne and Copenhagen: City of Melbourne and Gehl Architects, 2004); Jan Gehl et al., “Perth 2009: Public Spaces and Public Life: Study Report” (Perth and Copenhagen: City of Perth and Gehl Architects, 2009).

  54. 54.

    Gerhard P. Metschies, Fuel Prices and Vehicle Taxation (Eschborn, Germany: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit [GTZ] GmbH, 2001); Richard C. Porter, Economics at the Wheel: The Costs of Cars and Drivers (London: Academic Press, 2001).

  55. 55.

    Michael Sivak and Brandon Schoettle, “What Individual Americans Can Do to Assist in Meeting the Paris Agreement,” UMTRI-2016-7 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan, Transportation Research Institute, February 2016).

  56. 56.

    Todd Litman, “Changing Vehicle Travel Price Sensitivities: The Rebounding Rebound Effect” (Victoria, British Columbia: Victoria Transport Policy Institute, September 12, 2012), http://www.vtpi.org/VMT_Elasticities.pdf.

  57. 57.

    Randy Salzman, “Travel Smart: A Marketing Program Empowers Citizens to Be a Part of the Solution in Improving the Environment,” Mass Transit 34, no. 2 (2008): 8–11; Randy Salzman, “Now That’s What I Call Intelligent Transport…SmartTravel,” Thinking Highways, 2008.

  58. 58.

    C. Ashton-Graham, “TravelSmart + TOD = Sustainability and Synergy,” in Curtis, Renne, and Bertolini, Transit Oriented Development.

  59. 59.

    I. Ker, “North Brisbane Household TravelSmart: Peer Review and Evaluation, for Brisbane City Council” (Brisbane: Queensland Transport and Australian Greenhouse Office, 2008).

  60. 60.

    Western Australia Department of Transport, “TravelSmart Household Final Evaluation Report Murdoch Station Catchment (City of Melville 2007)” (Perth: Socialdata Australia, September 2009).

  61. 61.

    C. Ashton-Graham, “TravelSmart and LivingSmart Case Study—Western Australia,” in The Garnaut Climate Change Review, ed. Ross Garnaut (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), http://www.garnautreview.org.au/2008-review.html.

  62. 62.

    David Wake, “Reducing Car Commuting through Employer-Based Travel Planning in Perth, Australia,” TDM Review 15, no. 1 (2007): 11–13.

  63. 63.

    Davis, Dutzik, and Baxandall, “Transportation and the New Generation.”

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© 2017 Peter Newman, Timothy Beatley, and Heather Boyer

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Newman, P., Beatley, T., Boyer, H. (2017). Create Sustainable Mobility Systems. In: Resilient Cities. Island Press, Washington, DC. https://doi.org/10.5822/978-1-61091-686-8_3

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