Abstract
In utero exposure to alcohol may adversely affect the development of the embryo or fetus and result in adverse outcomes known as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) which encompass a range of physical, behavioral, and cognitive impairments in the newborn. Since maternal self-reports are often unreliable, biomarkers of gestational alcohol consumption are necessary for accurate identification of exposed newborns at risk. Ethyl-β-d-glucuronide (EtG) is a minor phase II metabolite of ethyl alcohol (ethanol), formed by enzymatic conjugation of ethanol with glucuronic acid in the liver. As a direct biomarker for alcohol, detection of EtG in neonatal biological matrices provides accurate identification of maternal alcohol consumption and fetal alcohol exposure during pregnancy. This chapter describes the quantitation of EtG in human umbilical cord tissue by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Forray A (2016) Substance use during pregnancy. F1000Res 5:F1000 Faculty Rev–F1000 Faculty1887
Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality (2016). 2015 National Survey on drug use and health: detailed tables. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015/NSDUH-DetTabs-2015.pdf. Accessed July, 13
Wilhelm CJ, Guizzetti M (2015) Fetal alcohol Spectrum disorders: an overview from the glia perspective. Front Integr Neurosci 9:65
Svetlana P, Shannon L, Larry B, et al (2016) Burden and social cost of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. In: Oxford Handbooks Online (ed). Oxford, Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935291.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935291-e-78. Accessed 15 Jul 2017
Paley B, O'Connor MJ (2009) Intervention for individuals with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: treatment approaches and case management. Dev Disabil Res Rev 15:258–267
Lange S, Shield K, Koren G et al (2014) A comparison of the prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure obtained via maternal self-reports versus meconium testing: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 14:127–127
Dinis-Oliveira RJ (2016) Oxidative and non-oxidative metabolomics of ethanol. Curr Drug Metab 17:327–335
Walsham NE, Sherwood RA (2012) Ethyl glucuronide. Ann Clin Biochem 49:110–117
Foti RS, Fisher MB (2005) Assessment of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase catalyzed formation of ethyl glucuronide in human liver microsomes and recombinant UGTs. Forensic Sci Int 153:109–116
Bager H, Christensen LP, Husby S et al (2017) Biomarkers for the detection of prenatal alcohol exposure: a review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 41:251–261
Dahl H, Hammarberg A, Franck J et al (2011) Urinary ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate testing for recent drinking in alcohol-dependent outpatients treated with acamprosate or placebo. Alcohol Alcohol 46:553–557
Morini L, Marchei E, Tarani L et al (2013) Testing ethylglucuronide in maternal hair and nails for the assessment of fetal exposure to alcohol: comparison with meconium testing. Ther Drug Monit 35:402–407
Pichini S, Morini L, Pacifici R et al (2014) Development of a new immunoassay for the detection of ethyl glucuronide (EtG) in meconium: validation with authentic specimens analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Preliminary results. Clin Chem Lab Med 52:1179–1185
Himes SK, Dukes KA, Tripp T et al (2015) Clinical sensitivity and specificity of meconium fatty acid ethyl ester, ethyl glucuronide, and ethyl sulfate for detecting maternal drinking during pregnancy. Clin Chem 61:523–532
Morini L, Falcon M, Pichini S et al (2011) Ethyl-glucuronide and ethyl-sulfate in placental and fetal tissues by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 418:30–36
Jones J, Jones M, Plate C, Lewis D (2012) The detection of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol and ethyl glucuronide in human umbilical cord. Am J Analyt Chem 3:800–810
Joya X, Friguls B, Ortigosa S et al (2012) Determination of maternal-fetal biomarkers of prenatal exposure to ethanol: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 69:209–222
Montgomery D, Plate C, Alder SC et al (2006) Testing for fetal exposure to illicit drugs using umbilical cord tissue vs meconium. J Perinatol 26:11–14
Montgomery DP, Plate CA, Jones M et al (2008) Using umbilical cord tissue to detect fetal exposure to illicit drugs: a multicentered study in Utah and New Jersey. J Perinatol 28:750–753
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology.
Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Wabuyele, S.L., McMillin, G.A. (2019). Quantitation of Ethyl-β-d-Glucuronide in Human Umbilical Cord Tissue by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In: Langman, L., Snozek, C. (eds) LC-MS in Drug Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1872. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_21
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-8823-5_21
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-8822-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-8823-5
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols