Abstract
Transcription factors regulate transcription by binding to regulatory regions of genes including the promoter. Few of the transcription factors are well characterized, and few promoters have been described in detail. New methods have been developed to improve both transcription factor and promoter characterization, some of which are discussed here. Trapping methodology applicable to both individual transcription factors and intact transcription complexes are described, as well as 2D gel electrophoresis, Southwestern blotting, and basic liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry methodology. These methods have proved useful in the study of transcriptional regulation.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hahn, S. (2004) Structure and mechanism of the RNA polymerase II transcription machinery, Nat Struct Mol Biol. 11, 394–403.
Venter, J. C., Adams, M. D., Myers, E. W., Li, P. W., Mural, R. J., Sutton, G. G., Smith, H. O., Yandell, M., Evans, C. A., Holt, R. A., Gocayne, J. D., Amanatides, P., Ballew, R. M., Huson, D. H., Wortman, J. R., Zhang, Q., Kodira, C. D., Zheng, X. H., Chen, L., Skupski, M., Subramanian, G., Thomas, P. D., Zhang, J., Gabor Miklos, G. L., Nelson, C., Broder, S., Clark, A. G., Nadeau, J., McKusick, V. A., Zinder, N., Levine, A. J., Roberts, R. J., Simon, M., Slayman, C., Hunkapiller, M., Bolanos, R., Delcher, A., Dew, I., Fasulo, D., Flanigan, M., Florea, L., Halpern, A., Hannenhalli, S., Kravitz, S., Levy, S., Mobarry, C., Reinert, K., Remington, K., Abu-Threideh, J., Beasley, E., Biddick, K., Bonazzi, V., Brandon, R., Cargill, M., Chandramouliswaran, I., Charlab, R., Chaturvedi, K., Deng, Z., Di Francesco, V., Dunn, P., Eilbeck, K., Evangelista, C., Gabrielian, A. E., Gan, W., Ge, W., Gong, F., Gu, Z., Guan, P., Heiman, T. J., Higgins, M. E., Ji, R. R., Ke, Z., Ketchum, K. A., Lai, Z., Lei, Y., Li, Z., Li, J., Liang, Y., Lin, X., Lu, F., Merkulov, G. V., Milshina, N., Moore, H. M., Naik, A. K., Narayan, V. A., Neelam, B., Nusskern, D., Rusch, D. B., Salzberg, S., Shao, W., Shue, B., Sun, J., Wang, Z., Wang, A., Wang, X., Wang, J., Wei, M., Wides, R., Xiao, C., Yan, C., Yao, A., Ye, J., Zhan, M., Zhang, W., Zhang, H., Zhao, Q., Zheng, L., Zhong, F., Zhong, W., Zhu, S., Zhao, S., Gilbert, D., Baumhueter, S., Spier, G., Carter, C., Cravchik, A., Woodage, T., Ali, F., An, H., Awe, A., Baldwin, D., Baden, H., Barnstead, M., Barrow, I., Beeson, K., Busam, D., Carver, A., Center, A., Cheng, M. L., Curry, L., Danaher, S., Davenport, L., Desilets, R., Dietz, S., Dodson, K., Doup, L., Ferriera, S., Garg, N., Gluecksmann, A., Hart, B., Haynes, J., Haynes, C., Heiner, C., Hladun, S., Hostin, D., Houck, J., Howland, T., Ibegwam, C., Johnson, J., Kalush, F., Kline, L., Koduru, S., Love, A., Mann, F., May, D., McCawley, S., McIntosh, T., McMullen, I., Moy, M., Moy, L., Murphy, B., Nelson, K., Pfannkoch, C., Pratts, E., Puri, V., Qureshi, H., Reardon, M., Rodriguez, R., Rogers, Y. H., Romblad, D., Ruhfel, B., Scott, R., Sitter, C., Smallwood, M., Stewart, E., Strong, R., Suh, E., Thomas, R., Tint, N. N., Tse, S., Vech, C., Wang, G., Wetter, J., Williams, S., Williams, M., Windsor, S., Winn-Deen, E., Wolfe, K., Zaveri, J., Zaveri, K., Abril, J. F., Guigo, R., Campbell, M. J., Sjolander, K. V., Karlak, B., Kejariwal, A., Mi, H., Lazareva, B., Hatton, T., Narechania, A., Diemer, K., Muruganujan, A., Guo, N., Sato, S., Bafna, V., Istrail, S., Lippert, R., Schwartz, R., Walenz, B., Yooseph, S., Allen, D., Basu, A., Baxendale, J., Blick, L., Caminha, M., Carnes-Stine, J., Caulk, P., Chiang, Y. H., Coyne, M., Dahlke, C., Mays, A., Dombroski, M., Donnelly, M., Ely, D., Esparham, S., Fosler, C., Gire, H., Glanowski, S., Glasser, K., Glodek, A., Gorokhov, M., Graham, K., Gropman, B., Harris, M., Heil, J., Henderson, S., Hoover, J., Jennings, D., Jordan, C., Jordan, J., Kasha, J., Kagan, L., Kraft, C., Levitsky, A., Lewis, M., Liu, X., Lopez, J., Ma, D., Majoros, W., McDaniel, J., Murphy, S., Newman, M., Nguyen, T., Nguyen, N., Nodell, M., Pan, S., Peck, J., Peterson, M., Rowe, W., Sanders, R., Scott, J., Simpson, M., Smith, T., Sprague, A., Stockwell, T., Turner, R., Venter, E., Wang, M., Wen, M., Wu, D., Wu, M., Xia, A., Zandieh, A., and Zhu, X. (2001) The sequence of the human genome, Science 291, 1304–1351.
Vaquerizas, J. M., Kummerfeld, S. K., Teichmann, S. A., and Luscombe, N. M. (2009) A census of human transcription factors: function, expression and evolution, Nature Reviews Genetics 10, 252–263.
Abmayr, S. M., Yao, T., Parmley, T., and Workman, J. (2006) Preparation on Nuclear and Cytoplasmic Extracts from Mammalian Cells, in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, p 12.11, John Wiley & Sons.
Bradford, M. M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal. Biochem. 72, 248–254.
Gadgil, H., and Jarrett, H. W. (2002) Oligonucleotide trapping method for purification of transcription factors, J. Chromatogr. A 966, 99–110.
Moxley, R. A., and Jarrett, H. W. (2005) Oligonucleotide trapping method for transcription factor purification systematic optimization using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, J Chromatogr A 1070, 23–34.
Jiang, D., Moxley, R. A., and Jarrett, H. W. (2006) Promoter trapping of c-jun promoter-binding transcription factors, J. Chromatogr. A 1133, 83–94.
Ohri, S., Sharma, D., and Dixit, A. (2004) Interaction of an approximately 40 kDa protein from regenerating rat liver with the −148 to −124 region of c-jun complexed with RLjunRP coincides with enhanced c-jun expression in proliferating rat liver, Eur J Biochem 271, 4892–4902.
Moxley, R.A. and Jarrett, H.W. (2005) Oligonucleotide trapping method for transcription factor purification systematic optimization using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, J. Chromatogr. A 1070, 23–34.
D. Jiang, D. Jia, Y., Zhou, Y.W. and Jarrett, H.W. (2009) Two-dimensional southwestern blotting and characterization of transcription factors on-blot, J Proteome Res 8, 3693–3701.
Acknowledgments
We thank Dr. William Haskins and the UTSA RCMI Proteomics and Protein Biomarkers Core facility for help with analysis and the use of their equipment. We also appreciate the help of UTSA RCMI Bioinformatics and Computational Biology core for computing. The RCMI facilities are supported by grant 2G12RR013646 from the NIH. We also thank Daifang Jiang for reading the manuscript and for much helpful discussion. This work was supported by NIH grant R01GM043609 and a grant from the San Antonio Life Sciences Institute.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Jarrett, H.W. (2012). Proteomic Methodologies to Study Transcription Factor Function. In: Deplancke, B., Gheldof, N. (eds) Gene Regulatory Networks. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 786. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-292-2_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-292-2_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-61779-291-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-61779-292-2
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols