Abstract
Many laboratories around the world use baroreceptor denervation in their investigations of the cardiovascular system. The most common method, performed in the rat, is a permanent denervation where the carotid sinus and aortic depressor nerves are transected. Here, we describe detailed step-by-step methods for acute reversible baroreceptor denervation in the rat. In this method, local anaesthetic agents are superfused around the region of the carotid sinus. With this method, complete baroreceptor denervation can be achieved for longer (bupivacaine, 30–60 min) or shorter (lignocaine, 10–30 min) periods, without harming the physiological state of the rat.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Pilowsky PM, Goodchild AK (2002) Baroreceptor reflex pathways and neurotransmitters: 10 years on. J Hypertens 20:675–1688
Krieger MH, Moreira ED, Oliveira EM, Oliveira VLL, Krieger EM, Krieger JE (2006) Dissociation of blood pressure and sympathetic activation of renin release in sinoaortic-denervated rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 33:471–476
Miyawaki T, Goodchild AK, Pilowsky PM (2002) Activation of mu-opioid receptors in rat ventrolateral medulla selectively blocks baroreceptor reflexes while activation of delta opioid receptors blocks somato-sympathetic reflexes. Neuroscience 109:133–144
Goodchild AK, Van Deurzen BTM, Sun Q-J, Chalmers J, Pilowsky PM (2000) Spinal GABA(A) receptors do not mediate the sympathetic baroreceptor reflex in the rat. Am J Physiol 279:R320–R331
Farnham MMJ, Li Q, Goodchild AK, Pilowsky PM (2008) PACAP is expressed in sympathoexcitatory bulbospinal C1 neurons of the brain stem and increases sympathetic nerve activity in vivo. Am J Physiol 294:R1304–1311
McMullan S, Dick TE, Farnham MMJ, Pilowsky PM (2009) Effects of baroreceptor activation on respiratory variability in rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 166:80–86
Lancien F, Mimassi N, Conlon JM, Mével J-CL (2011) Central pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) decrease the baroreflex sensitivity in trout. Gen Comp Endocrinol 171:245–251
Chang KS, Morrow DR, Kuzume K, Andresen MC (2000) Bupivacaine inhibits baroreflex control of heart rate in conscious rats. Anesthesiology 92:197–207
Schreihofer AM, Ito S, Sved AF (2005) Brain stem control of arterial pressure in chronic arterial baroreceptor-denervated rats. Am J Physiol 289:R1746–1755
Gao X, Zhang F, Han Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Guo R, Zhu G (2004) AT1 receptor in rostral ventrolateral medulla mediating blunted baroreceptor reflex in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 25:1433–1438
Schreihofer AM, Mandel DA, Mobley SC, Stepp DW (2007) Impairment of sympathetic baroreceptor reflexes in obese Zucker rats. Am J Physiol 293:H2543–2549
Kawabe T, Kawabe K, Sapru HN (2007) Cardiovascular responses to somatosensory stimulation and their modulation by baroreflex mechanisms. Clin Exp Hypertens 29:403–418
El-Mas MM, Abdel-Galil A-GA, El-Gowelli HM, Daabees TT (1997) Short-term aortic barodenervation diminishes (alpha)1-adrenoceptor reactivity in rat aortic smooth muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 322:201–210
Krieger EM (1964) Neurogenic hypertension in the rat. Circ Res 15:511–521
Reis D, Ross C, Ruggiero D, Granata A, Joh T (1984) Role of adrenaline neurons of ventrolateral medulla (the C1 group) in the tonic and phasic control of arterial pressure. Clin Exp Hypertens 6:221–241
Farnham MMJ, Pilowsky PM (2009) Local anaesthetics for acute reversible blockade of the sympathetic baroreceptor reflex in the rat. J Neurosci Methods 179:58–62
Behnia R, Koushanpour E, Sinclair DM (1996) Pressure-heart rate relationship in intact and after stepwise elimination of three major baroreflex loops in dogs. Anesth Analg 83:965–974
Seagard JL, Hopp FA, Drummond HA, Van Wynsberghe DM (1993) Selective contribution of two types of carotid sinus baroreceptors to the control of blood pressure. Circ Res 72:1011–1022
Al-Rawi PG, Sigaudo-Roussel D, Gaunt ME (2004) Effect of lignocaine injection in carotid sinus on baroreceptor sensitivity during carotid endarterectomy. J Vasc Surg 39:1288–1294
Ford DJ, Singh P, Walters C, Raj PP (1984) Duration and toxicity of bupivacaine for topical anesthesia of the airway in the cat. Anesth Analg 63:1001–1004
Brosh-Nissimov T, Ingbir M, Weintal I, Fried M, Porat R (2004) Central nervous system toxicity following topical skin application of lidocaine. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 60:683–684
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Farnham, M.M.J. (2013). Acute Activation and Inhibition of the Sympathetic Baroreceptor Reflex. In: Pilowsky, P., Farnham, M., Fong, A. (eds) Stimulation and Inhibition of Neurons. Neuromethods, vol 78. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-233-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-233-9_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-62703-232-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-62703-233-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols