Abstract
The ionomeric polymer–metal composites (IPMCs) consist of polyelectrolyte membranes, with metal electrodes plated on both faces and neutralized with an amount of counterions, balancing the charge of anions covalently fixed to the membrane. IPMCs in the solvated state form soft actuators and sensors; they are sometimes referred to as artificial muscles. Here, we examine the nanoscale chemoelectromechanical mechanisms that underpin the macroscale actuation and sensing of IPMCs, as well as some of their electromechanical properties.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Abbreviations
- DC:
-
direct current
- EW:
-
equivalent weight
- IEC:
-
ion exchange capacity
- IPMC:
-
ionomeric polymer–metal composite
- TEM:
-
transmission electron microscopy
References
P. Millet: Noble metal-membrane composites for electrochemical applications, J. Chem. Ed. 76(1), 47–49 (1999)
Y. Bar-Cohen, T. Xue, M. Shahinpoor, J.O. Simpson, J. Smith: Low-mass muscle actuators using electroactive polymers (EAP), Proc. SPIE. 3324, 218–223 (1998)
Y. Bar-Cohen, S. Leary, M. Shahinpoor, J.O. Harrison, J. Smith: Electro-active polymer (EAP) actuators for planetary applications, SPIE Conference on Electroactive Polymer Actuators, Proc. SPIE. 3669, 57–63 (1999)
R. Liu, W.H. Her, P.S. Fedkiw: In situ electrode formation on a Nafion membrane by chemical platinization, J. Electrochem. Soc. 139(1), 15–23 (1992)
M. Homma, Y. Nakano: Development of electro-driven polymer gel/platinum composite membranes, Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 25(6), 1010–1014 (1999)
T. Rashid, M. Shahinpoor: Force optimization of ionic polymeric platinum composite artificial muscles by means of an orthogonal array manufacturing method, Proc. SPIE 3669, 289–298 (1999)
M. Bennett, D.J. Leo: Manufacture and characterization of ionic polymer transducers with non-precious metal electrodes, Smart Mater. Struct. 12(3), 424–436 (2003)
C. Heitner-Wirguin: Recent advances in perfluorinated ionomer membranes – structure, properties and applications, J. Membr. Sci. 120(1), 1–33 (1996)
R.E. Fernandez: Perfluorinated ionomers. In: Polymer Data Handbook, ed. by J.E. Mark (Oxford Univ. Press, New York 1999) pp. 233–238
T.D. Gierke, C.E. Munn, P.N. Walmsley: The morphology in Nafion perfluorinated membrane products, as determined by wide- and small-angle X-ray studies, J. Polym. Sci. Polym. Phys. Ed. 19, 1687–1704 (1981)
J.Y. Li, S. Nemat-Nasser: Micromechanical analysis of ionic clustering in Nafion perfluorinated membrane, Mech. Mater. 32(5), 303–314 (2000)
W.A. Forsman: Statistical mechanics of ion-pair association in ionomers, Proc. NATO Adv. Workshop Struct. Properties Ionomers (1986) pp. 39–50
L.R.G. Treolar: Physics of Rubber Elasticity (Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford 1958)
R.J. Atkin, N. Fox: An Introduction to the Theory of Elasticity (Longman, London 1980)
S. Nemat-Nasser, M. Hori: Micromechanics: Overall Properties of Heterogeneous Materials, 1st edn. (North-Holland, Amsterdam 1993)
S. Nemat-Nasser: Micromechanics of actuation of ionic polymer-metal composites, J. Appl. Phys. 92(5), 2899–2915 (2002)
J. OʼM Bockris, A.K.N. Reddy: Modern Electrochemistry 1: Ionics, Vol. 1 (Plenum, New York 1998)
P. Shewmon: Diffusion in Solids, 2nd edn. (The Minerals Metals & Materials Society, Warrendale 1989)
M. Eikerling, Y.I. Kharkats, A.A. Kornyshev, Y.M. Volfkovich: Phenomenological theory of electro-osmotic effect and water management in polymer electrolyte proton-conducting membranes, J. Electrochem. Soc. 145(8), 2684–2699 (1998)
J.D. Jackson: Classical Electrodynamics (Wiley, New York 1962)
W.B. Cheston: Elementary Theory of Electric and Magnetic Fields (Wiley, New York 1964)
S. Nemat-Nasser, J.Y. Li: Electromechanical response of ionic polymer-metal composites, J. Appl. Phys. 87(7), 3321–3331 (2000)
S. Nemat-Nasser, S. Zamani: Modeling of electro-chemo-mechanical response of ionic-polymer-metal composites with various solvents, J. Appl. Phys. 38, 203–219 (2006)
S. Nemat-Nasser, S. Zamani, Y. Tor: Effect of solvents on the chemical and physical properties of ionic polymer-metal composites, J. Appl. Phys. 99, 104902 (2006)
S. Nemat-Nasser, C. Thomas: Ionomeric polymer-metal composites. In: Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles, ed. by Y. Bar-Cohen (SPIE, Bellingham 2001) pp. 139–191
S. Nemat-Nasser, C. Thomas: Ionomeric polymer-metal composites. In: Electroactive Polymer (EAP) Actuators as Artificial Muscles 2nd edn, ed. by Y. Bar-Cohen (SPIE, Bellingham 2004) pp. 171–230
S. Nemat-Nasser, Y. Wu: Comparative experimental study of Nafion-and-Flemion-based ionic polymer-metal composites (IPMC), J. Appl. Phys. 93(9), 5255–5267 (2003)
S. Sewa, K. Onishi, K. Asaka, N. Fujiwara, K. Oguro: Polymer actuator driven by ion current at low voltage, applied to catheter system, Proc. IEEE Ann. Int. Workshop Micro Electro Mech. Syst. 11th (1998) pp. 148–153
K. Oguro, N. Fujiwara, K. Asaka, K. Onishi, S. Sewa: Polymer electrolyte actuator with gold electrodes, Proc. SPIE 3669, 64–71 (1999)
S. Tadokoro, T. Murakami, S. Fuji, R. Kanno, M. Hattori, T. Takamori, K. Oguro: An elliptic friction drive element using an ICPF actuator, IEEE Contr. Syst. Mag. 17(3), 60–68 (1997)
Y. Osada, H. Okuzaki, H. Hori: A polymer gel with electrically driven motility, Nature 355(6357), 242–244 (1992)
D.G. Caldwell: Pseudomuscular actuator for use in dextrous manipulation, Med. Biol. Eng. Comp. 28(6), 595 (1990)
D.G. Caldwell, N. Tsagarakis: Soft grasping using a dextrous hand, Ind. Robot. 27(3), 194–199 (2000)
D.J. Segalman, W.R. Witkowski, D.B. Adolf, M. Shahinpoor: Theory and application of electrically controlled polymeric gels, Smart Mater. Struct. 1(1), 95–100 (1992)
M. Shahinpoor: Ionic polymeric gels as artificial muscles for robotic and medical applications, Iran. J. Sci. Technol. 20(1), 89–136 (1996)
M. Shahinpoor: Conceptual design, kinematics and dynamics of swimming robotic structures using active polymer gels, Act. Mater. Adapt. Struct. Proc. ADPA/AIAA/ASME/SPIE Conf. (1992) pp. 91–95
Y. Bar-Cohen, S. Leary, M. Shahinpoor, J.O. Harrison, J. Smith: Electro-active polymer (EAP) actuators for planetary applications, SPIE Conf. Electroactive Polymer Actuators Proc. SPIE 3669, 57–63 (1999)
D.W. DeWulf, A.J. Bard: Application of Nafion/platinum electrodes (solid polymer electrolyte structures) to voltammetric investigations of highly resistive solutions, J. Electrochem. Soc. 135(8), 1977–1985 (1988)
J.M. Potente: Gas-phase Electrosynthesis by Proton Pumping Through a Metalized Nafion Membrane: Hydrogen Evolution and Oxidation, Reduction of Ethene, and Oxidation of Ethane and Ethene. Ph.D. Thesis (North Carolina State University, Raleigh 1988)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer-Verlag
About this entry
Cite this entry
Nemat-Nasser, S. (2008). Electrochemomechanics of Ionic Polymer–Metal Composites. In: Sharpe, W. (eds) Springer Handbook of Experimental Solid Mechanics. Springer Handbooks. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30877-7_8
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-30877-7_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-26883-5
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-30877-7
eBook Packages: EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering