Synonyms
Definitions
Encephalopathy: This term involves a large group of transient or permanent brain disorders with very diverse etiologies. Among other causes it can be mentioned metabolic alterations, bacterial, food poisoning, trauma, hypoxia, pharmacological, etc. When unresolved, encephalopathies lead to neurodegeneration. The hallmark of encephalopathy is mental alteration, impairment of cognitive functions, lethargy, confusion, tremors, seizures, convulsions, and others.
Autometallography: This method is used for the imaging of metal-containing clusters in tissues sections. This methodology involves the reduction of silver ions from a silver donor e.g., silver lactate (Ag+) to metallic silver (Ag0) by metals such as bismuth in the presence of a developer. In consequence, Ag0 is deposited in the site where the metal of interest is located and those deposits can be photographed by both light and electron microscopies.
In contrast to many other heavy metals,...
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Bes A et al (1976) Toxic encephalopathy due to bismuth salts. Rev Med Touluse 12:801–813
Cassano GB et al (1969) The distribution of inhaled mercury (Hg203) vapors in the brain of rats and mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 28:214–255
Larsen A et al (2005) In vivo distribution of bismuth in the mouse brain; influence of long-term survival and intracranial placement on the uptake and transport of bismuth in neuronal tissue. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 97(3):188–196
Martin-Bouyer B (1978) Poisoning by orally administred bismuth salts. Gastrointest Clin Biol 2(4):349–356
Martin-bouyer G et al (1981) Epidemiological study of encephalopathies following bismuth administration per os. Characteristics of intoxicated subjects: comparison with control group. Clin Toxicol 11:1277–1283
Møller-Madsen B (1993) Localization of mercury in CNS of the ratII interperitoneal injection of methylmercuric chloride (CH3HgCl) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 103:303–323
Palmieri Y (2004) About bismuth. htpp://www.bismuth.be/bismuthpdf
Pamphlett R et al (2000) Tissue Uptake of bismuth from shotgun pellets. Envion Res 82(3):258–262
Rokkas T, Sladen GE (1988) Bismuth: effects on gastritis and peptic ulcer. Scand J Gastroentral Suppl 142:82–86
Ross JF et al (1988) Characterization of a murine model for human bismuth encephaloapathy. Neurotoxicoly 9:581–586
Ross JF et al (1994) Highest brain bismuth levels and neuropathology are adjeacent to fenestrated blood vessels in mouse brain after intraperitonal dosing of bismuth subnitrate. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 124:191–200
Ross JF et al (1996) Distribution of bismuth in the brain: intraperitoneal dosing of bismuth subnitratein mice: implications for the route of entry of xenobiotic metals into the brain. Brain Res 725:137–154
Rungby J, Danscher G (1983) Localization of exogenous silver in brain and spinal cord of silver exposed rats. Acta Neuropathol 60:92–98
Slikkerveer A, de Wolff FA (1989) Pharmacokinetices and toxicity of bismuth compounds. Toxicol Manag Rev 4:303–323
Stoltenberg M (2004) Bismuth. Some aspects of localization, transport and pathological effects of metalic bismuth and bismuth salts with special emphasis o nits neurotoxicity to man and experimental animals. Thesis, University of Aarhus, Denmark
Stoltenberg M, Danscher G. Histochemical differentiation of autometallographically traceable metals (Au, Ag, Bi, Zn): Protocols for chemical removal of separate autometallographic metal clusters in Epon Sections. Histochem J 32:645–652
Stoltenberg M et al Autometallographic tracing of bismuth in human brain autopsies. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 60:705–710
Stoltenberg M et al (2001) Histochemical tracing of bismuth in Heliocobacter pylori after in vitro exposure to bismuth citrate. Scand J Gastroenterol 36(2):144–148
Stoltenberg M et al (2001) Retrograde axonal transport of bismuth. An autometallograhic study. Acta Neuropathol 101:123–128
Stoltenberg M et al (2003) In vivo cellular uptake of bismuth ions from shotgun pellets. Histol Histopathol 18(3):781–785
Stoltenberg M, Juhl S, Danscher G (2007) Bismuth ions are metabolized into autometallographic traceable bismuth-sulphur quantum dots. Eur J Histochem 51(1):53–57
The Lancet (1857). 2:185–187
Tiekink ER (2002) Antimony and bismuth compounds in oncology. Crti Rev Oncol 42(3):217–224
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this entry
Cite this entry
Larsen, A. (2013). Bismuth in Brain, Distribution. In: Kretsinger, R.H., Uversky, V.N., Permyakov, E.A. (eds) Encyclopedia of Metalloproteins. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_117
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-1533-6_117
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-1532-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-1533-6
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences