Skip to main content

Future Shock, Generational Change, and Shifting Eco-social Identities: Forest School Practitioners’ Reasons to Train

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Research Handbook on Childhoodnature

Part of the book series: Springer International Handbooks of Education ((SIHE))

Abstract

Why do Forest School (FS) practitioners choose their vocations? What role do significant life experiences (SLE) play in their choices? This chapter investigates some of the reasons behind their choices, as described by an ethnography of FS trainees (2010–12) using qualitative interviews and observation. Arising from the study, a new conceptual model of eco-social identity is described, framing the ongoing construction of self as part of nature. Environmental and socio-cultural influences are explored, including both negative and positive experiences, drawing on SLE research. Identity formation based upon life experience had an impact upon the trainees’ choices and yielded some surprising similarities. Early childhood and adult experience in the wider natural world, role purpose, generational change, environmental loss, future shock, and a passion for pedagogy motivated the practitioners. The study contributes new insights into the impact of FS and similar training, the influence of socialization, environmental loss and degradation, future anticipation, ecological identity, and subjectivity in childhoodnature practice.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 799.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Amsler, S., & Facer, K. (2017). Contesting anticipatory regimes in education: Exploring alternative educational orientations to the future. Futures, 94, 6–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Austin, C., Knowles, Z., Richards, K., McCree, M., Sayer, J. & Ridgers N. (2015) Play and learning outdoors: engaging with the natural world using forest school in the UK. In T. Skelton, K. Nairn, & P. Kraftl (Eds.), Space, landscape, and environment, Vol. 2. T. Skelton (editor-in-chief), Geographies of children and young people. Springer Singapore

    Google Scholar 

  • Barratt Hacking, E., Scott, W., & Barratt, R. (2007). Children’s research into their local environment: Stevenson’s gap, and possibilities for the curriculum. Environmental Education Research, 13(2), 225–244.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bragg, E. A. (1996). Towards ecological self: Deep ecology meets constructionist self- theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 16, 93–108.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceaser, D. (2015). Significant life experiences and environmental justice: Positionality and the significance of negative social/environmental experiences. Environmental Education Research, 21(2), 205–220.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (1988) Significant life experiences revisited: a review of research on sources of environmental sensitivity. The Journal of Environmental Education, 29(3), pp 11–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (1998). Significant life experiences revisited: a review of research on sources of environmental sensitivity. Environmental Education Research, 4, 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350462980040402

  • Chawla, L. (1999). Life paths into effective environmental action. Journal of Environmental Education, 31(1), 15–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (2001). Significant life experiences revisited once again: Response to vol. 5(4) five critical commentaries on significant life experience research in environmental education. Environmental Education Research, 7(4), 451–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (2006). Research methods to investigate significant life experiences: Review and recommendations. Environmental Education Research, 12(3–4), 359–374.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L. (2007). Childhood experiences associated with care for the natural world: A theoretical framework for empirical results. Children, Youth and Environments, 17(4), 144–170. [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7721/chilyoutenvi.17.4.0144

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L., & Derr, V. (2012). The development of conservation behaviors in childhood and youth. In S. Clayton (Ed.), Oxford handbook of environmental and conservation psychology (pp 527–555). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chawla, L., & Hart, R. A. (1995). The roots of environmental concern. The NAMTA Journal, 20(1), 148–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, S. (2003). Environmental identity: A conceptual and an operational definition. In S. Clayton & S. Opotow (Eds.), Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature (pp. 45–66). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Clayton, S., & Opotow, S. (Eds.). (2003). Identity and the natural environment: The psychological significance of nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coote, A. (2015). People, planet, power: Towards a new social settlement. London: New Economics Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cree, J., & McCree, M. (2013). A brief history of forest school, Part 2. Horizons, 62, 32–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crutzen, P. (2002). Geology of mankind. Nature, 415, 23. https://doi.org/10.1038/415023a

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dillon, J., Kelsey, E., & Duque-Aristizabal, A. (1999). Identity and culture: Theorising emergent environmentalism. Environmental Education Research, 5(4), 395–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fjørtoft, I. (2004). Landscape as playscape: The effects of natural environments on children’s play and motor development. Children, Youth and Environments, 14, 21–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Forest School Institute for Outdoor Learning Special Interest Group (FS IOL SIG). (2012). Forest school ethos, principles and criteria [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.forestschoolassociation.org/full-principles-and-criteria-for-good-practice/

  • Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. York: Continuum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Furihata, S., Ishizaka, T., Hatakeyama, M., Hitsumoto, M., & Ito, S. (2007). Potentials and challenges of research on ‘significant life experiences’ in Japan. Children, Youth and Environments, 17(4), 207–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill, T. (2011). Children and nature: A quasi-systematical review of the empirical evidence. London, Englian: Greater London Authority.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (1967) The discovery of grounded theory: strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1961). Encounters: Two studies in the sociology of interaction. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gooch, M. (2003). A sense of place: Ecological identity as a driver for catchment volunteering. Australian Journal on Volunteering, 8(2), 23–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gough, A. (1999a). Recognising women in environmental education pedagogy and research: Toward an ecofeminist poststructuralist perspective. Environmental Education Research, 5(2), 143–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, A. (1999b). Kids don’t like wearing the same jeans as their Mums and Dads: So whose ‘life’ should be in significant life experiences research? Environmental Education Research, 5(4), 383–394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, N. (2002). Ignorance in environmental education research. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 18, 19–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gough, S. (1999). Significant life experiences (SLE) research: A view from somewhere. Environmental Education Research, 5(4), 353–363.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hand, G. (1997). The forest of forgetting. Northern Lights, 13(1), 11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howell, R., & Allen, S. (2016). Significant life experiences, motivations and values of climate change educators. Environmental Education Research, 1–19. Virtual issue: Climate Change and Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2016.1158242

  • Hsu, S. J. (2009) Significant life experiences affect environmental action: a confirmation study in eastern Taiwan. Environmental Education Research, 15(4), 497–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504620903076973

  • Ingold, T. (2008). Bindings against boundaries: Entanglements of life in an open world. Environment and Planning A, 40(8), 1796–1810.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ingold, T. (2011). Being alive: Essays on movement, knowledge and description. London, England: Routledge.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, P. H. (1997). Developmental psychology and the biophilia hypothesis: Children’s affiliations with nature. Developmental Review, 17, 1–61.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, P. H. (1999). The human relationship with nature: Development and culture. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, P. H. (2002). Children’s affiliations with nature. In P. H. Kahn & S. R. Kellert (Eds.), Children and nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kals, E., Schumacher, D., & Montada, L. (1999). Emotional affinity toward nature as a motivational basis to protect nature. Environment and Behavior, 31(2), 178–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaplan, R., & Kaplan, S. (Eds.). (1989). The experience of nature: A psychological perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keichtermans, G. (2005). Teachers’ emotions in educational reforms: Self-understanding, vulnerable commitment and micropolitical literacy. Teaching and Teacher Education, 21(8), 995–1006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kellert, R. S., & Wilson, E. O. (Eds.). (1993). The biophilia hypothesis. Washington, DC: Island Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kraftl, P. (2013). Geographies of alternative education: Diverse learning spaces for children and young people. Bristol, UK: Policy Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, A., & Dunston, R. (2011). Practice, learning and change: Towards a re-theorisation of professional education. Teaching in Higher Education, 16(5), 483–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, D., & Chen, J. (2015). Significant life experiences on the formation of environmental action among Chinese college students. Environmental Education Research, 21(4), 612–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malone, K. (2008). Every experience matters: An evidence based research report on the role of learning outside the classroom for children’s whole development from birth to eighteen years. Report commissioned by Farming and Countryside Education for UK Department of Children, School and Families. Wollongong.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mannheim, K. (1952). The problem of generations. In K. Mannheim (Ed.), Essays on the sociology of knowledge. London, England: RKP. (first published 1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Maynard, T. (2007) Encounters with forest school and foucault: A risky business?’ Education 3–13, 35(4), 379–391.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCree, M. (2012a) Conversation with Richard Irvine, private correspondence with author, 13 June 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCree, M. (2012b) Conversation with Lily Horseman, private correspondence with author, 17 November 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCree, M. (2013). Values, action and politics in forest school. Forest School Association National Conference. Derwent Hill Outdoor Education Centre, Keswick, October 2013. Unpublished keynote presentation.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCree, M. (2014) Practitioner experiences of forest school. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Gloucestershire, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCree, M. (forthcoming). Making space for children, making visible hidden enclosures. Royal Geographical Society International Conference, Cardiff University, 29 August 2018. Presentation for post-conference publication.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCree, M., & Cree, J. (2017). Forest School: Core principles in changing times. In S. Waite (Ed.), Children learning outside the classroom – From birth to eleven (2nd ed., pp. 222–232). London, England: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCree, M., Cutting, R., & Sherwin, D. (2018). The Hare and the Tortoise go to Forest School: Taking the scenic route to academic attainment via emotional wellbeing outdoors. Early Child Development and Care. Special Issue: Young Children’s Emotional Experiences.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994) (eds.) Qualitative data analysis: an expanded source book (2nd edn.). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murray, R. and O’Brien, L. (2005) Such enthusiasm – a joy to see: an evaluation of forest school in England. Forest Research for New Economics Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. (1993). Development of concern for the environment and formative experiences of educators. Journal of Environmental Education, 24(3), 26–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, P. (1999). The significance of experience in SLE research. Environmental Education Research, 5(4), 365–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Proudman, B. (1995). Experiential education as emotionally engaged learning. In K. Warren, M. Sakoffs, & J. S. Hunt (Eds.), The theory of experiential education (3rd ed., pp. 240–247). Dubuque, IA: Kendall/Hunt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sandilands, C. (1999). The good-natured feminist: Ecofeminism and the quest for democracy. Minneapolis, IN: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sebba, R. (1991) The landscapes of childhood: the reflection of childhood’s environment in adult memories and in children’s attitudes. Environment and Behaviour, 23(4), pp 395–422.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shukaitis, S. (2013). Recomposing precarity: Notes on the laboured politics of class composition. Ephemera, 13(3). [Online]. Retrieved from: http://www.ephemerajournal.org/contribution/recomposing-precarity-notes-laboured-politics-class-composition

  • Sivek, D. J. (2002). Environmental sensitivity among Wisconsin high school students. Environmental Education Research, 8(2), 155–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stake, R. (2005) Qualitative case studies. In Denzin, N. K., & Lincoln, Y. S. (eds.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research (3rd edn.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp 433–466.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, K. T., Peterson, M. N., Carrier, S. J., Strnad, R. L., Bondell, H. D., Kirby-Hathaway, T., & Moore, S. E. (2014). Role of significant life experiences in building environmental knowledge and behavior among middle school students. Journal of Environmental Education, 45(3), 163–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stevenson, R. (1987). Schooling and environmental education: Contradictions in purpose and practice. In I. Robottom (Ed.), Environmental education: Practice and possibility (pp 69–82). Geelong, VIC: Deakin University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, P. W. (2004). Nature, environment and society. Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sward, L. L. (1999). Significant life experiences affecting the environmental sensitivity of El Salvadoran environmental professionals. Environmental Education Research, 5(2), 201–206.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, R. T. (1980). Significant life experiences: A new research area in environmental education. Journal of Environmental Education, 11(4), 20–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tanner, T. (1998). Choosing the right subjects in significant life experiences research. Environmental Education Research, 4(4), 399–417.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, A. (2017). Beyond stewardship: Common world pedagogies for the Anthropocene. Environmental Education Research, 23(10), 1448–1461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomashow, M. (1995). Ecological identity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Toffler, A. (1970). Future shock. New York, NY: Bantam Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, S. (2007) Memories are made of this: some reflections on outdoor learning and recall. Education 3–13, 35(4), pp 333–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, S. (2010). Losing our way? The downward path for outdoor learning for children aged 2–11 years. Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning, 10(2), 111–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waite, S. (2011a) Teaching and learning outside the classroom: personal values, alternative pedagogies and standards. Education 3–13, 39(1), pp 65–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waite, S. (2013). “Knowing your place in the world”: How place and culture support and obstruct educational aims. Cambridge Journal of Education, 43(4), 413–433.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waite, S., Davis, B., & Brown, K. (2006). Forest school principles: ‘Why we do what we do’. Final report for funding body EYDCP (zero14plus). Exmouth, England: University of Plymouth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward Thompson, C., Aspinall, P., Bell, S., & Findlay, C. (2005). ‘It gets you away from everyday life’: Local woodlands and community use – What makes a difference? Landscape Research, 30(1), 109–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, N., & Lekies, K. (2006). Nature and the life course: Pathways from childhood nature experiences to adult environmentalism. Children, Youth and Environments, 16(1), 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mel McCree .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

McCree, M. (2020). Future Shock, Generational Change, and Shifting Eco-social Identities: Forest School Practitioners’ Reasons to Train. In: Cutter-Mackenzie-Knowles, A., Malone, K., Barratt Hacking, E. (eds) Research Handbook on Childhoodnature . Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67286-1_101

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics