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Natural Inhibitors of Snake Venom Metallopeptidases

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Toxins and Drug Discovery

Part of the book series: Toxinology ((TOXI))

Abstract

Protein inhibitors of peptidases are widely distributed among animals, plants, and microorganisms. They are important regulatory molecules that function to avoid proteolysis in various biological systems. From the plasma of animals that are naturally resistant to snake envenomation, a special class of peptidase inhibitors has been identified. These inhibitors have antihemorrhagic properties and form inactive noncovalent complexes with snake venom metallopeptidases. In nonresistant animals, these toxic metallopeptidases induce microvascular damage and are responsible for systemic and local hemorrhage, key events in the pathogenesis of viperid envenomation. The inhibitors isolated from mammalian plasma are grouped into the MEROPS I43 family of immunoglobulin -related proteins; those from reptiles show a typical cystatin -like fold and belong to the MEROPS I25C subfamily. The inhibitors show a reversible tight-binding reaction mechanism of inhibition, although due to a lack of three-dimensional information for the enzyme-inhibitor complexes, the structural features that govern the interaction are largely unknown. This review is intended to highlight the latest advances in the field, analyzing future perspectives in the area of natural immunity against snake venom. The discussion will focus on how endogenous protein inhibitors can be used as structural templates, providing valuable insights into the molecular determinants of selective metallopeptidase inhibition. The wide range of natural toxin inhibitors may constitute a rich source of information leading to new possibilities in intervention not only against snake venom metallopeptidases but also against other metzincins, such as mammalian MMPs and ADAMs.

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Acknowledgment

We are grateful to Heloisa M. N. Diniz (Image Production and Treatment Service – IOC/Fiocruz) for producing the artwork for the table and figure.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Toxinology, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Ana G. C. Neves-Ferreira, Richard H. Valente & Jonas Perales

  2. Proteomic Unit, Laboratory of Protein Chemistry, Chemistry Institute, Technology Center, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Gilberto B. Domont

  3. National Institute of Science and Technology on Toxins [INCTTOX], National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brasília, DF, Brazil

    Ana G. C. Neves-Ferreira, Richard H. Valente, Gilberto B. Domont & Jonas Perales

Authors
  1. Ana G. C. Neves-Ferreira
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  2. Richard H. Valente
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  3. Gilberto B. Domont
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  4. Jonas Perales
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ana G. C. Neves-Ferreira .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Marine Science Institute, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines

    Lourdes J. Cruz

  2. Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources, Ministry of Education, Key Lab for Marine Drugs of Haikou Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China

    Sulan Luo

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Neves-Ferreira, A.G.C., Valente, R.H., Domont, G.B., Perales, J. (2017). Natural Inhibitors of Snake Venom Metallopeptidases. In: Cruz, L., Luo, S. (eds) Toxins and Drug Discovery. Toxinology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6452-1_19

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